ACE Biology pace 1106 test

sources of nourishment needed by organisms to carry on metabolic processes; carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

nutrients

operation of taking food or water into the body.

ingestion

operation in which nutrients diffuse through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream

absorption

operation by which nutrients are taken into the cells.

assimilation

organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; monosaccharides, disaccharides or polysaccharides

carbohydrates

building blocks of other carbohydrates; example: glucose

monosaccharide

2 monosaccharides chemically linked together; example: sucrose- commonly known as table sugar

disaccharide

most complex carbohydrates; many monosaccharides chemically linked in long chains or branches; starches, cellulose, glycogen

polysaccharides

provide structural support for cells; regulate metabolic processes; transport nutrients throughout the body; made of amino acids

proteins

organic compounds; have a greasy feel; usually do not dissolve in water; fats, waxes; oils

lipids

in excess it forms plaque on the inside walls of arteries

cholesterol

organic compounds that are needed in small amounts for normal growth and development; must be ingested; cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by the body.

vitamins

_______________radicals are ions in the blood that damage cell membranes and destroy DNA

free

calcium is a___________ that helps build strong bones and teeth.

mineral

the_________________canal includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and the small and large intestines

alimentary

digestive glands include the____________glands, liver, and pancreas.

salivary

a_____________is a small, round piece of moistened, chewed food.

bolus

______________is the wavelike action of the circular and longitudinal muscles lining the esophagus that pushes the bolus downward into the stomach.

peristalsis

the cardiac sphincter is a valve consisting of a set of smooth muscles that controls the opening between the______________and stomach.

esophagus

lipase is an enzyme that digests ___________, and pepsin is an enzyme that digests____________.

lipids; proteins

when the chemical and mechanical work of the stomach is complete, the bolus is turned into a nearly liquid mass called_______________.

chyme

the pyloric sphincter is a valve consisting of a set of smooth muscles that controls the opening between the___________and __________________.

stomach; small intestine

the_____________is the 1st and shortest section of the small intestine but most nutrient absorption takes place in the duodenum

duodenum

the___________ is the 3rd and longest section of the small intestine.

ileum

______________are compounds that dissolve in water to form ions.

electrolytes

the large intestine, which consists of the cecum,_________________,rectum, and anal canal, stores undigested food until it can be discharged from the body as waste.

colon

the remaining waste material after water, electrolytes, and nutrients have been absorbed from chyme is called_____________.

feces

the____________ is the short, funnel-shaped section of the large intestine where feces are packed and stored until they can be discharged

rectum

_________________is any substance that cannot be used by the body or that the body has in excess.

waste

Most of the body's liquid waste is eliminated by the____________ system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethrea

renal

____________are the filtration units of the kidneys.

nephrons

substances that are filtered out of the blood in the kidneys are collectively called________________.

filtrate

The filtrate remaining in the renal tubules after filtration, tubular secretion, and reabsorption in____________.

urine

urine travels down the_____________to a bag-like organ called the urinary bladder and is forced out of the body through the_______________.

ureters; urethra

______________-act like chemical messengers that relay messages from the brain to the body in order to regulate specific activities within the body.

hormones

_______________glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

endocrine

acts like the control center for the endocrine system.

hypothamulus

master gland; secretes hormones into the bloodstream that control other endocrine glands.

pituary

gland; secretes the hormone responsible for maintaining circadian rhythm

pineal

butterfly-shaped gland in the neck; secretes 2 hormones that are important regulators of metabolic processes

thyroid

glands; medulla secretes neurotransmitters sometimes referred to as fight-or-flight hormones

adrenal

glands; produce male or female reproductive cells; secrete hormones called estrogens and androgens

gonads

acts as both exocrine and endocrine gland; islets of Langerhans secrete glucagon and insulin.

pancreas

a condition in which blood glucose levels remain low.

hypoglycemia