hota unit 1

Origins of a plantation system

Large-scale agricultural estates using slave labor, developed in the Caribbean and Americas, influenced by earlier Portuguese and Spanish systems.

Pope’s Rebellion

1680 Pueblo uprising in New Mexico against Spanish suppression of native religion; drove Spaniards out for over a decade; showed resistance to colonization.

Differences among the Spanish, French, and British colonization

Spanish: conquest, conversion, extraction of wealth. French: trade (especially fur), alliances with Natives. British: settlements, agriculture, less intermarriage.

Roanoke and Jamestown

Roanoke: “lost colony,” failed settlement. Jamestown: first permanent English colony (1607), struggled early but survived with tobacco.

Sugar

expensive to grow, dominated by wealthy planters, drove slavery

Tobacco

Tobacco: easier, became Virginia’s cash crop, accessible to smaller farmers.

Motives for English colonization

Religious freedom, economic opportunity, competition with Spain, and expansion of trade.

Maryland’s Act of Toleration

1649 law granting religious freedom to all Christians but not to non-Christians; protected Catholic minority.

Barbados Slave Codes

Laws that gave masters full control over slaves, denying fundamental rights; influenced other colonies’ slave laws.

Puritans

wanted to reform the Church of England.

Separatists (Pilgrims)

Wanted to break away completely from the Church of England.

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island; advocated for religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

Banished from Massachusetts for challenging church authority; promoted idea of direct communication with God (antinomianism).

Purposes for founding colonies

New England: religious freedom. Middle: trade and diverse economy. Southern: cash crops and profit.

Mayflower Compact

1620 agreement among Pilgrims for self-government; early form of democracy.

Beliefs of the Puritans

Predestination, strict moral codes, community over individual, education for Bible reading.

Chesapeake

tobacco, scattered plantations, indentured servitude, higher mortality

New England

towns, families, trade, strong religious life.

Headright system & servants vs. slaves

Land given for paying passage of laborers; indentured servants worked for years but could gain freedom; slaves bound for life.

Colonial rebellions against authority

Bacon’s Rebellion, Leisler’s Rebellion. Causes: economic hardship, government corruption, Native conflicts. Showed tensions in colonies.

Colonial social classes and tensions

Wealthy planters/merchants vs. small farmers, servants, and slaves; tensions led to uprisings and laws reinforcing hierarchy.

Salem Witch Trials

1692 hysteria in Massachusetts; accusations of witchcraft led to executions; caused by religious fervor, fear, and social tensions.

Impact of the Enlightenment

Emphasis on reason, science, and individual rights; inspired American Revolution and democratic ideas.

Great Awakening

1730s–40s religious revival; “New Lights” embraced emotional preaching, “Old Lights” resisted; unified colonies and challenged authority.

French and Indian War

1754–63 conflict between Britain/colonies vs. France/Natives; Britain won, gained land but angered colonists with taxes and restrictions.

Proclamation of 1763

British ban on colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains to avoid Native conflict; angered colonists.

British control of trade/manufacturing

Navigation Acts and other restrictions limited colonial trade to benefit England.

Favorable balance of trade

Exporting more than importing; colonies provided raw materials and markets for Britain.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that colonies exist to enrich the mother country through trade regulation.

Causes of the Revolution

Taxation without representation, restrictions on trade, Proclamation of 1763, Enlightenment ideals. Led to independence movement.

Impact of the Revolution on society/economy

Expanded democracy for some, challenged slavery, hurt loyalists, boosted American trade independence.

Articles of Confederation – problems

First U.S. government; weak central power, no taxation or enforcement ability, hard to pass laws.

Shays’ Rebellion

Armed uprising of farmers in Massachusetts; convinced many Americans of need for a stronger central government.

Whiskey Rebellion

Protest against excise tax, crushed by Washington, showed federal power.

Federal Negative

Proposal at Constitutional Convention for federal veto over state laws; not adopted but showed concern for unity.

Constitutional Convention

1787 meeting to revise Articles; produced the U.S. Constitution with stronger federal government.

Great Compromise

Agreement: bicameral legislature with Senate (equal representation) and House (population-based).

Three-Fifths Compromise

Each enslaved person counted as 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation.

Federalists

Supported strong central government and Constitution.

Antifederalists

Antifederalists: feared tyranny, wanted Bill of Rights.

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to the Constitution; guaranteed individual liberties and protections against government power.

House of Burgesses

First representative assembly in the colonies (Virginia, 1619); model for self-government.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Frontier farmers vs. Virginia governor Berkeley; caused by Native conflicts, economic issues, and elite dominance; exposed class tensions.

Navigation Acts

British laws requiring colonial goods to be shipped on English ships and sold mainly to England; part of mercantilism.

Triangular Trade

Trade system: slaves from Africa → Americas (sugar, tobacco) → Europe (manufactured goods); drove Atlantic economy.

Middle Passage

Brutal sea journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas; high mortality rates.

King Philip’s War (1675–1676)

Wampanoag leader Metacom (“King Philip”) united tribes against New England colonists; devastated Native power in the region.

Salutary Neglect

Period when Britain loosely enforced laws on colonies; allowed colonial self-rule until mid-1700s.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended French and Indian War; France lost most of North America; Britain gained territory but huge debt.

Stamp Act (1765)

First direct tax on colonies; required stamps on paper goods; sparked boycotts and “no taxation without representation.”

Sons of Liberty

Patriot group that resisted British taxes through protests, intimidation, and organization.

Intolerable Acts

British punishment for Boston Tea Party; closed port, restricted self-government; united colonies against Britain.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Turning point in Revolution; American victory convinced France to ally with colonies.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended Revolution; recognized U.S. independence, set boundaries to Mississippi River.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Federalist laws restricting immigrants and limiting speech critical of government; controversial and unpopular.

Battle of Alamance Creek

Colonial militia defeated the Regulators, frontier farmers protesting corruption in North Carolina.

Paxton Boys Rebellion

Armed Scots-Irish frontiersmen in Pennsylvania who attacked Native communities to protest Quaker tolerance of Natives.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau – The Social Contract

Philosopher who argued governments gain authority from the consent of the governed.

Roanoke Colony (1585)

England’s first colony in North America; mysteriously disappeared (“Lost Colony”).

George Whitefield

Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)

Law granting religious freedom to all Christians, but not to non-Christians.

Pennsylvania Colony

Founded by William Penn as a haven for Quakers, promoting tolerance and equality.

Yeoman Farmers

Independent farmers who owned and worked their own land.

House of Burgesses (1619)

First elected assembly in colonial America, located in Virginia.

Great Awakening

A Christian religious revival movement in the 1730s–40s that emphasized emotional preaching.

Backcountry Farmers

Colonists in the frontier who felt underrepresented by eastern colonial governments.

Primogeniture

System in which the first-born son inherits all family land or property.

Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who wrote of separation of powers in government.

New Light Ministers

Evangelical preachers who spread revivalism during the Great Awakening.

Salem, Massachusetts

Location of the 1692 witchcraft trials, fueled by social and religious tensions.

Caribbean (West Indies)

Region where the modern plantation system based on slavery first developed.

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in the New World.

Roger Williams

Religious dissenter who founded Rhode Island and promoted separation of church and state.

Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

Native American uprising against British forts after the French and Indian War.

Visible Saints

Puritan belief: the “elect” who were predestined for salvation.

Encomienda System

Spanish forced-labor system granting colonists authority over Native labor in the Americas.

Sugar

Labor-intensive “rich man’s crop,” grown on plantations and reliant on enslaved labor.

John Winthrop

Puritan leader and author of the “City upon a Hill” sermon.

Consent of the Governed

Idea that political power comes from the agreement of the people, central to social contract theory.

Slave Codes

Laws brought to the colonies to control enslaved Africans and deny them rights.

Headright System

Policy granting land to colonists who paid for indentured servants’ passage to America.

Economic Depression

One of England’s motives for colonization was providing opportunities for those suffering hardship at home.

Anne Hutchinson

Religious dissenter who taught that the truly saved (“elect”) did not need to obey church or civil laws.

Virtual Representation

British claim that Parliament represented all subjects, even without colonial representatives.

Chesapeake Region

Area of Virginia and Maryland; unhealthy environment dominated by young men seeking riches in tobacco.

Mary Dyer

Quaker woman executed in Massachusetts for defying Puritan laws.

Powhatan

Native American leader in Virginia who initially interacted with Jamestown settlers.

Navigation Acts

British laws designed to restrict colonial trade to benefit England.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Final major battle of the Revolution; Cornwallis surrendered to Washington.

John Locke

Philosopher who wrote about natural rights: life, liberty, and property.