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Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
A developmental model that outlines eight stages of psychosocial development, each characterized by a specific conflict that must be resolved.
Epigenetic Principle
The concept that development unfolds in stages, influenced by interactions with the environment and experiences throughout life.
Stage 1 - Basic Trust vs basic mistrust
occurring from birth to 2 years, where the strength developed is hope, and maladjustment can lead to withdrawal.
Stage 2 - Autonomy vs shame and out
ages 2 to 3 years, focusing on developing control and will, with maladjustment leading to compulsion.
Stage 3 - Initiative vs guilt
ages 3 to 5 years, where children develop a sense of purpose, with maladjustment resulting in inhibition.
Stage 4 - Industry vs inferiority
ages 6 to 12 years, emphasizing competence and confidence, with maladjustment leading to inertia.
Stage 5 - Identity vs identity confusion
ages 12 to 18 years, where fidelity is developed, and maladjustment can lead to identity confusion.
Stage 6 - Intimacy vs isolation
ages 18 to 45 years, focusing on love and connection, with maladjustment leading to isolation.
Stage 7 - Generativity vs stagnation
ages 45 to 70 years, where care is emphasized, and maladjustment can lead to stagnation.
Stage 8 - Integrity vs despair
ages 70 to 85 years, focusing on wisdom, with maladjustment leading to despair.
Stage 9 - Transformation
A proposed ninth stage for individuals aged 85 and older, focusing on wisdom and despair, though not officially recognized. losing interest in things you enjoy, retract from life and care whats happening next instead
Prenatal Development
The period of development from conception to birth, characterized by rapid growth and environmental influences.
Teratogens
Environmental agents that can cause harm to a developing embryo or fetus, with effects varying based on timing and exposure. ex- any disease, drug
Child's Temperament
Inborn patterns of behavior that influence how a child interacts with the world, categorized into easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm types.
certain patterns in ones behavior / how they view the world
Temperament is hardwired
The environment changes us, ex- might not want to do a presentation but we can it just won’t feel natural
inborn tendencies
Easy temperament
emotional positive, predictable sleeping/ eating habits, very happy child
Regular
Approaching
Adaptable
Mild
High in intensity
High mood
Slow to Warm Temperament
Characteristics: Observant, calm, may require extra time to adjust to new situations.
Behavior: Often hesitant in new environments but can become more comfortable with time.
Comparison: Contrasts with active temperaments, which are more adaptable and energetic.
Difficult Temperament
Difficult (challenging)- hard to take care of adapts slowly to change, unpredictable sleeping habits, sensitive, not very happy
Irregular
Low in approach
Withdrawals from novelty
Slow to adapt
Intense
Display much negative mood
These are traits and characteristics
Parenting Styles
Different approaches to parenting that affect child development, including authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved styles.
Authoritarian style
parent says its my way or the highway don’t wanna play by my rules find somewhere else to live, whatever is for dinner you eat it or you starve, they think its in the best interest of the child, they provide basic needs still but do it with an attitude, and author all the decisions, author all the decisions of the family and don’t want input from the child, they instill in kids that their above them (hierarchy),
Authoritative
* preferred parenting style for children
high in warm this parent is kind warmth sensitive observing loving but also high in control
Lets the kids to say what they wants emotions/wants/needs are communicated parent is the parent but still acknowledges kids wanting to go on vacation
Honest style, kids get treated with respect, children are protected within family and outside the family, teach children negating skills, their voice matters, they can have a conflicting views on things and still be cared about and respected, parent stays in charge of the situation
Permissive
where parents are warm and nurturing, but have few rules and low expectations for their children. Permissive parents often try to act as friends to their children, and let them make their own decisions.
uninvolved
not asking about their friends or their lives don’t know much for them you don’t have many rules and expectations
Kids needs rules these rules for this parent can be too much for the age or don’t hav any
They don’t care as long as their not being bothered
Effects: substance abuse, rebelliousness, deliquency( vandalism, assault, rape, petty theft)
Lower cognitive and emotional empathy, diminished self-esteem
They usually get in trouble in school and with the law, get into bad friendships and relationships
Goodness of Fit
The compatibility between a child's temperament and their environment, influencing their development and behavior.
Poor Goodness of fit
when we dont fit into our environment Ex- mother is depressed, it doesn’t and will not fit any temperaments : poorness of fit
Attachment Styles
Distinctive ways of relating to others based on early attachment experiences, affecting emotional bonds and relationships.
definition 2 -a bond or loving bond between two people , long enduring emotional tie to a specific person
ex- securely attached infant and then trauma hits in childhood that bond can be affected and turn into something insecure and can change our attachment style
Disorganized Attachment
A type of insecure attachment characterized by confusion and apprehension in relationships, often leading to difficulties later in life.
Bowlby's Four Stages of Attachment
A framework outlining the progression of attachment behaviors in infants, from indiscriminate responses to goal-corrected partnerships. We have to attach to someone in the first 6 months of life.We are hardwired to connect
Bowlbys: First stage- Indiscriminent social responses
1-2 months baby develops the cry, they help signal adults that they need help
In the first couple of months the kid will go to anybody
Bowlbys:Stage 2- discriminating social ability
They know who’s who (mom,dad), 2-7 months
This discriminating social ability we have to attached to someone body by this time and stage
Bowlbys: Stage 3- attachments
7-24 months of age (6 or 7 months)
The kids don’t want you to leave they got use to you and like having you around
Putting a child in good daycare if the care is good it doesn’t negatively affect the development
When kids pitch a fit its actually a good thing because they have a secure attachment, a fit of protest is a good thing because it means they are attached
They miss their caregiver, specific love for a specific person
Bowlbys: Fourth stage- Goal corrected partnerships
Beginning of the 3rd after the third birthday, 36 months and on
Kids take their parents needs into account and let them have a break occasionally
They can now recognize parents have other activities and that they must wait they can wait a couple minutes but not hours
Sometimes they’ll be like ill wait to get something to eat
They can now access the caregiver because they can walk and talk so if there hurt they’ll go to their main caregiver
Attachment is a process
Ainsworth's Strange Situation
An experimental procedure to assess attachment styles in infants by observing their reactions to separation and reunion with their caregiver.
experiment: their main caregiver and them enter a room with toys and seats then stranger brought in to see how a child would react the child starts to cry and wants their mother to, what reaction does the baby have when the mom returns , Does the child accept the mother when she returns or rejects her, this is done twice
Ainsworth's Strange Situation: results
They might want to be held to reconnect that attachment (reengagement process)
Parents are not viewed as secure bases, angrily rejecting comfort
Insecure resisted- rejecting parents
Insecure resilient- they want to be helped but they don’t want it from you they’re sure
Insecure avoidant- kids avoids there parents
If anything is called insecure its the non-proffered style
Important group: unusual small 4th group of infants
Disoriented or disorganized
They appear confuse and apprehensive when they approach their parents
Serious trouble relationship later on in the future
Secure base
they see the parent as an attachment figure as secure they can stop feeling anxious (preferred attachment style)
