AP PSYCH REVIEW 1ST SEMESTER

unit 0, 1,2,

Meta Analysis defi

Conducting multiple studies and combine all estimates to get a conclusion.

Meta analysis ex

Do small classes, improve test scores

Study a: +5 points

Study b: + 2 points

Study c: +1

Study d: +4 points

The meta analysis combines all and finds effect, smaller classes improves test scores by 4.75 points

Case study defi

Technique, how 1 person/group is studied hoping to reveal things true at one

Case study ex

Childrens mind found out by questioning kids

Naturalistic observation defi

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations

Naturalistic observation ex

Observing animal behavior in the wild

Coorelation defi

#between -1 & 1 tells you the strength, direction at a relationship between variables

Coorelation ex

Shoe size goes up in perfect coorelation w foot height

Scatter plots defi

A graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two axes, the pattern of the resulting points revealing any coorelation present

Experiment defi

Method where scientists use 1 or more variable to observe affect the other/ 2 groups causes COORELATION

APA ethical guidelines for humans defi

1. informed consent

2. protection from harm

3. confidentially

4. right to withdraw

5. debrief

APA ethical guidelines for animals defi

ethical and humane, minimizing pain and distress, trained researchers, justifed science purpose

Social desirability Bias defi

When ppl give answers they think will make them look good or be socially acceptable, instead of answering them honestly

Social desirability ex

on a survey, person says they work out 5 times a week bc it makes them look healthy, even tho they only work out a day In a week

Self report bias defi

When ppl give inaccurate answers on surveys about themselves either on purpose or by mistake or forgets

Self report bias ex

Student is asked how many hours they study they report 3 hours, but in reality they often study less or forgets

Sampling Bias defi

Occurs when the group of ppl chosen for a study does not represent the entire population, so the results are skewed

Sampling bias ex

survey about school stress is only given to honor students, then the results are used to describe all students

Hindsight bias defi

Tendency to believe, after an event happens that you knew it all along even tho u couldnt predict it before hand

Hindsight bias ex

After a team wins a game, someone says i knew they were going to win when the team didnt think so

Hypothesis defi

Clear testable prediction about the relationship between two variables

Hypothesis ex

If student gets more sleep they will score better on tests

Operational defi

tells how a variable is defined in practiable measureable terms

Operation defi ex

Anxiety to measured by a persons score

Random assignment defi

Each subject has an equal chance of being placed into the control group and experiment group, allows researchers to see cause and effect

Random assignment ex

Sleep deprived group bc assignment is random, differences in memory are more likely caused by sleep, not participate differences

Random sample defi

Sample that fairly represents pop bc each member has an equal chance of being included

Representative sample defi

Accurately reflects the key characteristics of the pop like gender, ethnicity age, grade level

Population defi

All those w group being studied from which samples may be drawn

Population ex

Study focuses on teens illegal use in school, everyone in school is included

Independent variable defi

Factor being manipulated

Independent variable ex

student eats breakfast then preforms better in first period the answer is breakfast

Dependent variable defi

The behavior being measured

Dependent variable ex

Student eats breakfast then preforms better In first period, the answer is performance

Control group defi

Group does not get the treatment being studied

Experimental group defi

Gets the treatment being studied/measured

Single Blind procedure defi

Subjects do not know which group they are in

Double blind procedure defi

Subjects nor experimenter know which subject they are in

Placebo defi, ex

Fake treatment given to control group

ex: fake pill

Placebo effect defi

a treatment you take that makes you feel better but its actually your mind

Placebo effect ex

A soccer player that takes the fake pill then they think they can run better but its actually their mind

Range deviation defi

Differences between the highest and lowest score in data set

Range deviation ex

Test scores: 70, 75, 90, 80

Highest: 90

Lowest: 70

Range: 90-70=20

Standard deviation defi

Measure of how much scores vary around the mean

Standard deviation ex

Test scores: 60, 70, 90, 100

large standard deviation ( scores are spread out)

Mean defi

Average add & divide how many #

Median defi

The middle # in data set

Mode defi

The most frequent occuring number

Normal curve defi

Bell shaped distribution ( abt 68% falls within 1 standard deviation)

Standard deviation percentage from mean defi

1 Standard deviation: 68%

2 Standard deviation: 95%

3 Standard deviation: 99%

Statistically significant defi

Large difference between the two groups large enough not to be random or caused by chance

Statistical significance ex

P value

Generalizibility defi

The extent to which the results of a study can be applied to or describe a larger pop beyond the sample used

Generalizibility ex

If researchers study sleep habits as a representative, random sample of teens from many schools, the results may be genarelized to most teens. if the sample included a private school then it will be a low generalizibility

Effect size defi

Measures that shows the strength of the relationship between variables or the size difference between a group

Effect size ex

New tutoring program improved test scores. Group a averages 85 but group b averages 80 so the effect size is 5

psychoanlysis defi

views behavior as a reflection of unconscious drives and impulses were influenced by things we dont realize influence us

Psychoanlysis ex

Teen is scared of dogs but then remembers when they were 3 a dog barked at them

Behaviorism defi

Viewed as a product of learned responses everything we do we learned how to do from others

Behaviorism ex

Child recieves a reward like a praise for cleaining their room making them want to do it again

Behaviorism key words

Rewards, punishment, learn from observation, learn from experience

psychoanlysis key words

unconscious, childhood prob, fixation

Humanistic/humanism defi

Viewed as a reflection of internal growth

Humansitic/humanism ex

student struggling in school a humanistic advisor would say how can you reach your full potential

Cogntiive defi

viewed as a product of various internal senses or thought

Cognitive ex

How we create concepts, solve probs, process info

Cognitive key words

mental process, prob solving, thinking

Biological defi

Emphasizes that behavior, thoughts, and emotions are influenced by biological processes

Biological ex

Researcher studies how low levels of serotonin in the brain linked to depression. This approach focuses on physical and chemical bases of behavior rather than thoughts or environment

Social culture defi

Views behavior as being influenced by rules and expectations of specific social groups or culture

Social culture ex

greetings, handshakes

social culture key words

group norms situation

Behavior genetics defi

study of how genes and enviornment influence behavior. It examines the relative contributions of heredity and experience

Behavior genetics ex

Researches study twins seperated at birth to see how similar their personalities are. If Identical twins raised apart show similar behaviors, this shows strong genetic influence

Behavior genetics key word

Genes, inherited traits

Evolutionary defi

Focuses on how behavior aids our survival w species (who u make babies w)

Evolutionary ex

goal is to reproduce w someone

Positive psychology defi

focuses on how the study optimal human functions

Postive psychology ex

find out which factors allow individuals and communities to thrive emphasizes on research

Postivie psych key words

individual strenghts, skills, tolerance, responsibility

Biopsychosocial Approach defi

explains behavior and mental processes as the result of interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Biopsychosocial Approach ex

Depression can be explained using biopsychosocial approach:

Biological: low serotonin levels

Psychological: negative thinking patterns and low self esteem

Social: Stress from relationships or lack of social

Identical twins defi

Made from 1 egg that splits into 2 and 1 sperm creating 2 indetical organisms

Twins raised apart chance of them being the same

Fraternal twins defi

2 eggs and 2 sperms, sharing their environment born same time, developed from seperate egg sperm, comparing traits like personality or intelligence

Gene enviornment interaction defi

Genes and enviornmental factors work tg to shape behavior and traits. Enviornment infleucnes whether and how genes are expressed

Gene enviornment interaction ex

A child may be born with genes that support high athletic ability, but without practice, coaching or access to sport potential may never develop

Neuron defi

A specialized nerve cell that recieves, processes, and transmits info throughout the nervous system using electrical and chemical signals

Neuron ex

When you touch a hot stove, sensory neurons send a message from your hand to your spinal cord and brain, motor neurons send a signal back to your muscles to pull your hand away from the stove

Reputake defi

The process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the sending neuron after they have delivered their message

Reputake ex

After serotonin sends a signal related to mood, it is reabsorbed through the reputake. Antideppresents work by blocking reputake, allowing more serotonin to say in synapse and improve mood

Acetylcholine (Ach) defi

Neurotransmitter that plays a key role in muscle movement, learning, memory and attention

Acetylcholine (ACh) ex

When you decide to move your arm, motor neurons release acetylcholine at the muscle, causing the muscle to contract.

Norepinephrine defi

Neurotransmitter and hormone involved in alertness, attention and the bodys stress response (flight or flight)

Norepinephrine ex

When you are suddenly startled or taking an important test, norepinephrine levels increase, helping you stay alert and focused and ready to respond

GABA defi

Main inhibitory transmitter in the brain, meaning it slows down neural activity and helps regulate anxiety calmness and sleep

GABA ex

When you feel relaxed or calm, GABA is helping reduce excessive brain activity. Anti-anxiety meds increase GABAs effect

Dopamine defi

A messanger that transmits signals between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. Ex: schizophrina

Endorphins defi

Neurotransmitters that influence the precipitation of pain or pleasure

Endorphins ex

Working out relased endorphins

Oxytocin defi

neurotransmitter and hormone involved in social bonding, trust, attachment and childbirth