AP Government and Politics

limited government

belief that government is not all powerful; government only has those powers given to it

popular sovereignty

the people are the source of the government’s authority

federalist 51

James Madison argues that the government under the new constitution will not become too powerful because the separation of powers will keep each branch in check

federalist 10

Talks about factions: Madison said there are two ways to deal with factions: eliminate them completely by removing their causes or limit their impacts by controlling their effects. Madison believed the second was possible under the new constitution.

Article 1

legislative branch

article 2

executive branch

article 3

judicial branch

article 4

intergovernmental relationships

article 5

amendment process

article 6

supremacy of the constitution: supremacy clause

article 7

ratification process

amendment 1

grants freedom of religion, speech, press, assemby, and petition

amendment 2

ensures the right to keep and bear arms

amendment 3

the quartering of troops

amendment 4

regulates search, seizure, and warrants

amendment 5

addresses protections against self-incrimination, guarantees of due process, eminent domain, and grand jury indictment for capital crimes

amendment 6

guarantees rights to a speedy and public trial and the right to an attorney

amendment 7

preserves the right to a jury trial in civil cases

amendment 8

ensures no excessive bails or fines, and covers cruel and unusual punishment

amendment 9

cites unenumerated rights of the people

amendment 10

reserves powers of the states and the people

amendment 11

restricts laws against the states

amendment 12

provides for election of the president and vice-president by separate ballot in electoral college

amendment 13

abolishes slavery

amendment 14

guarantees rights of citizenship, due process, and equal protection

amendment 15

guarantees citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, and previous servitude

amendment 16

authorizes income tax

amendment 17

establishes direct election of senators by popular vote

amendment 18

prohibits intoxicating liquors

amendment 19

women’s right to vote

amendment 20

sets terms and sessions of executive and legislative branches: “lame duck”

amendment 21

repeals prohibition (19th amendment)

amendment 22

limits presidential terms of office

amendment 23

allows for voting rights in district of Columbia in presidential election

amendment 24

abolishes poll taxes

amendment 25

addresses presidential succession, disability, and vice- presidential vacancies

amendment 26

gives 18 year olds the right to vote

amendment 27

addresses congressional pay

commerce clause

gives congress the power to regulate with foreign nations, among several states and Indian Tribes

Necessary and proper clause

congress has to power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers

supremacy clause

states that the constitution , its laws and treaties shall be the “supreme law of the land”

dual federalism

layered cake

cooperative federalism

marble cake

block grants

general grants that can be used for anything in a specific category

categorical grants

grants that have a specific purpose defined by law

mandates

requirements that impact state and local government by the federal government such as the disabilities act, which usually doesn’t come with funding from the federal government

Which topic does Maryland V. McCulloh and Gibbons v. Ogden

Supremacy clause

Rational voting

voting based on what voters perceive to be their own best interest

Retrospective voting

voting based on past performance of a candidate

prospective voting

voting based on how the voters believe the candidate will perform

closed primaries

must be affiliated with the party canidate they want to vote for

open primaries

don’t have to be in a party but pick sides in the booth

incumbency

is the tendency for those who are already elected to be re-elected

standing committee

is a permanent committee that deals with specific policy matters

select committee

a temporary committee created for a certain issue

joint committee

Is made up of both members of both houses of congress

conference committee

is a temporary committee of members from both houses of congress, created to resolve the differences in house and senate versions of a bill.

member of congress: delegate

votes how they think the people who appointed them would want them to vote

member of congress: trustee

vote based on their own opinions

member of congress: politico

members vote based on party loyalty

enumerated powers of congress

enacting legislation, coining money, passing the federal budget, raising revenue, declaring war, raising and maintaining armed forces

implied powers of congress

necessary and proper clause

how a bill becomes a law

go over it

Filibuster

An attempt to stall the voting of a bill

Cloture

The way to end a filibuster requires 60 votes from senators

Logrolling

Away to attempt to get a build to pass senators say I will vote for your bill if you vote for mine

Riders

Random additions to a bill that do not match the rest of the bill often called a Christmas tree bill

Federalist 70

Hamilton calls for a strong executive leader

formal qualifications to be president

35, natural-born citizen, resident of us 14 years prior to election

Formal powers of the president

Faithfully execute the laws veto commander in chief appoint ambassadors the approval of the Senate the power of pardons state of the Union

Informal powers of the president

Executive orders executive agreements on bills signing statements crisis manager leader of the free world party leader