1880-1917: Progressivism

Roots of Progressivism (5)

(1) industrialization, (2) populism, (3) social gospel, (4) pragmatism, (5) muckraking journalism

La Follette

Wisconsin governor who became a militant leader of the Progressive Republicans

National Amendments 1-19 (3 categories)

1-10 are Bill of Rights, 13-15 are civil rights, 16-19 are progressive

16th Amendment

graduated income tax

17th Amendment

direct Senate vote

18th Amendment

temperance

19th Amendment

women vote

Gorras Blancas ("the White Caps")

protested railroad exploitation: intimidated workers, cut fences

Political Progressivism (4)

(1) Government Accountability (recall, referendum); (2) Social Justice (Jane Addams); (3) Labor; (4) Civil Rights

1884 Bureau of Labor Statistics

underfunded, served as public advocate

1904 National Child Labor Committee

goal: to end child labor

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns.

1890 Lodge Bill

attempted to protect black votes in the South (failed)

Niagara Principles

voting rights, no segregation, equal under law, education, jobs, education, military service

What happened in Grimes County?

Democrats organized and prevented blacks from voting in town elections

Understanding clause

prospective voter read a part of the constitution, if he could explain what it meant, he could vote (+literacy tests and poll tax: 1898 Williams v Mississippi)

McKinley assassinated by

Czolgosz

Roosevelt's Reform (6)

(1) Trust Busting; (2) Regulation and Consumer Protection; (3) Conservation; (4) Labor Rights; (5) Diplomacy; (6) Square Deal

1902 Coal Strike

United Mine Workers demanded 20 percent wage increase, a reductive in daily working hours from ten to nine, and formal management recognition in their union; mines shut down in an effort to starve out the miners; Roosevelt's conference ended in an impasse, he threatened to take over the mines and and run them with the army; ended in October with an agreement to submit the issues to an arbitration commission named by the president; enhanced the prestige of Roosevelt and the nation's leaders, but only partial victories for the miners; won 9 hour work day and only 10% increase wages

Elkins Act (1903)

prohibited railway rates that favored the rich

Hepburn Act (1906)

ICC can set shipping rates

Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act (1906)

after gov gave spoiled beef to soldiers in Cuba and advertising impure drugs as "over the counter"

Roosevelt's Square Deal (3Cs)

conservation, control of big business, protection of workers and consumers

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act 1909

Lowered tariff rates but enacted a corporation tax. Split Republican Party.

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Ballinger opened oil lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska (belonging to the US Navy) against Roosevelt's conservation policies; Pinchot demanded that Taft dismiss Ballinger

Election of 1912 Candidates

Republicans: Taft (conservative progressivism); Progressive (Bull/Moose): Roosevelt (new nationalism); Democratic: Wilson (New Freedom)

Wilson's New Freedom

competition, no monopolies, empower small business and individual liberty; advocated antitrust legislation, tariff reform, banking reform

Wilson Progressive Reform (3)

(1) 16th Amendment; (2) Federal Reserve Act 1913; (3) Clayton Antitrust Act 1914

Clayton Antitrust Act 1914

Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out specific activities businesses could not do

Federal Reserve Act 1913

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.

Adamson Act (1916)

8 hour workday for railroad workers

Seamen's Act (1915)

aimed to improve working conditions for merchant sailors

Federal Employees' Compensation Act

benefits to federal workers injured on the job