LHR 100 - Exam 1

Answer to 1st question on Exam 1?

Pittsburgh Penguins!

Because you are not famous and wealthy, you are going to have to _____ for a living.

WORK

You might work about ______ hours a year. That times ____ years = ___ hours over the course of your lifetime.

• 2,160 hours

• 45 years

• 97,200 —> about 100,000

What determines the quality of someone’s life?

• Health (SOME control)

• Family, relationships, community

• Outlook, attitude, belief

• Work and employment

What are the main things people want to get out of work?

• Money

• Success

• Enjoyment

• Changing the world for the better

Can people get more than one of these benefits our of work?

YES!!! —> it is usually a combination of these

Americans work an average of __ hours per week

41.5 hours

• This is much more than other countries such as Norway and Denmark

Why do we care about work? —> What message does that send?

• Because it meets numerous needs we have as human beings ($, Respect, Fun, Purpose)

• Work is NOT something to be avoided. It is something to be pursued and enjoyed.

What are some reasons why professionals love their job?

• Challenging work

• Positive company culture

• Fair pay

• Flexibility

• Work life balance

GOAL: Find the job that meets ALL your needs

REALITY: Life happens

REVISED GOAL: Find a job that, given all of life’s variables, meets _____

as many of your needs as possible!

We want work that:

• is challenging and engaging

• gives us some voice and control

• provides opportunities to learn

• is meaningful —> that makes a difference to other people and thus ennobles us in at least some small way

Can be found in ANY WORK —> Hospital custodians!!!

Employees who derive _____ from their work are _____ times as likely to stay with their organization.

• meaning

• 3

• Employees whose work has ______ have 1.7 times higher ___________ and are 1.4 times more _______ at work

• meaning

• job satisfaction

• engaged

Meaningfulness comes from being a BLANK, suspending what one wants or desires. Involves some degree of _________.

self-sacrifice

How can we make work more enjoyable?

• Giving employees a voice in how their jobs are done

• Offering employees opportunities to learn and be challenged

• Encouraging employees to make changes to their work process and listen to what they say

What do people get out of work?

MONEY

• Basic living needs

• Family needs

• Non-essentials

• Savings/Retirement/Emergencies

• Research found that more money is __________ with more happiness for most, BUT NOT ALL

• Wealth does seem to cause happiness, up to _________________

• Associated

• a certain point

How to find the right career for me? (5 steps)

1. Identify your goals and values

2. Brainstorm careers

3. Job shadow, intern, or temp

4. Stay flexible

5. Reflect and assess

Employment Law =

Laws that protect employees at work

8 Workplace Rights:

1. Your employer CANT withhold a paycheck for poor performance

2. You must receive your paycheck promptly

3. Whether your eligible for overtime isn’t up to your employer, it’s up to the government

4. Your employer can NOT ask, require, or even allow you to work off the clock

5. Your employer can NOT stop you from discussing salary with your co-workers

6. Your employer can NOT stop you from discussing working conditions with your co-workers

7. Promises made in your employee handbook are often binding

8. Your employer can NOT pay you as a contractor while treating you like an employee

10 Rights you DON’T have:

1. You can be fired for ANY reason

2. You DON’T have the right to see your person file

3. No law requiring breaks

4. ONLY hostile environment or harassment due to race, age, sex, religion, national origin, disability, color, taking Family and Medical leave, whistle blowing, or any other legally protected status is illegal

5. ONLY government employees have free speech protections

6. You have very limited privacy (employer can read your emails and monitor internet usage, etc.)

7. “Right to work” doesn’t mean your employer can’t restrict your ability to work for competitors after you leave

8. There is no law prohibiting your boss from retaliating against you

9. It is not illegal for your boss to discriminate against you for being you

10. You probably can’t sue your boss

What is at-will employment?

• Leaves employees vulnerable to arbitrary and sudden dismissal, a limited or on-call work schedule depending on the employer’s needs, and unannounced cuts in pay and benefits.

• Without any contractual obligation to continue work, you may quit your job for any reason at any time. You cannot be forced to work for an employer and you don’t have to give your employer a reason for quitting.

Contract employment is…

• OPPOSITE of at-will employment

  • Contracts outline the terms of employment, including the employee’s duties, work hours, length of employment, salary and benefits.

Can you fire a contract employee for no reason?

NO

• The employer’s reason has to align with what was in the signed contract

Employers do ____ have to provide paid sick days or maternity leave.

NOT

2 types of employment law:

1. Federal (national) Employment Laws

2. State Employment Laws

Employment laws include:

• Minimum wage (Federal and State laws)

• Child labor laws

• Workplace Safety and Health Laws

• Social Security Act

• Anti-discrimination Laws

• Workers Compensation (State Laws)

• Unemployment Compensation (State Laws)

• Family Leave Act

• Sexual Harassment

• Overtime

Your rights at work include:

• Pay and hours

• Employee welfare

• Job security

• Discrimination/Sexual Harassment

• Safety/Health

Fair Labor Standards Act (Federal)sets minimum wage to ____ and has NOT increased since ______.

• It also sets overtime qualifications at over ____ hours of work per week

  • you get ____ times your wages

• It also states that you have to be paid for ____________

• $7.25

• 2009

• 40 hours

  • 1½ times your wages

• any time worked

States can pass laws to _______ minimum wage in their states.

• increase

  • 19 states have done so!

Child labor protections:

• Under 14--may not be employed in non-agricultural  occupations***

• Under 16–only work limited hours

• Under 18--may not be employed to do “dangerous  work”

  ***Farm work is exempt from FLSA

Some employers are ignoring child labor laws and states are overriding them…

The Fair Labor Standards Act is enforced by…

US Department of Labor - Wage and Hour Division

By Federal Law, mothers get ___ weeks of UNPAID maternity leave

• 12

Fathers get the same…

The only countries that do NOT mandate some type of paid maternity leave:

• Papua New Guinea

• Swaziland

• Liberia

• Lesotho

• United States

Employers must provide a _______ and _________ workplace according to the__________________________

safe and healthy

• Occupational Safety and Health Act

Sexual harassment is an _______________, but we have a ____________________!

Old phenomenon, New attitude

__% of women report having experienced sexual harassment during their careers

81%

#Me Too Movement was started in ______ to help survivors of ____________ find pathways to healing

• 2006

• sexual violence

Sexual Harassment is a violation of…

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legal Definition of Sexual Harassment:

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment...

Quid Pro Quo

“this for that” or “in exchange for”

Sexual Harassment can happen where…

1. An employment-related Quid Pro Quo is involved

2. A hostile work environment is created

Employers have a responsibility to maintain a workplace ______ from sexual harassment.

FREE

Employers are responsible for the conduct of employees AND ______ or ________

customers or clients

Protection against sexual harassment extended to college campuses under ________ of the _____________

Title IX of the Civil Rights Act

What Federal government agency is responsible for protecting employees from sexual harassment?

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

How to deal with a sexual harassment issue at work:

• Say no.

• If the harassment doesn’t end promptly, [the victim] should write a letter asking the harasser to stop and keep a copy.

• Write down the details immediately.

• Details should include dates, places, times, possible witnesses, and a detailed account of the incident.

• If there were witnesses, ask them to write down what they saw and heard during the incident

• This will establish concrete evidence.

How to report sexual harassment:

• If the harassment, report the incident(s) to the human resource department or a supervisor.

• You can also report this to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

• Make sure the harassment report is in writing and keep copies.

• Once reported an investigation will take place.

Potential problems of LOVE in the workplace:

• Favoritism

• Relationship between supervisor &  supervised

• Negative impact on work

• LOVE sometimes goes bad

3 Rules for workplace relationships…

1. Avoid relationships with your supervisor (or subordinate)

2. Keep a low profile; keep it private

3. Be aware the employer’s rules/policies

Who is the Father of Scientific Management?

Fredrick Taylor

Another word for Scientific Management is…

Taylorism

What are Taylor’s Principles of Management?

1. Managers make all the decisions about how work is done

2. View workers as machines or interchangeable parts of a machine

3. Workers are motivated by money and/or fear

Under the 1st principle of management, Taylor believed that managers should…

plan every step of the production process to gain maximum efficiency

• ONE right way for every job

• ONE right tool for every job

What was the term that Taylor used to describe workers goofing off?

Soldiering

What is meant by highly specialized division of labor?

Breaking a job down into its simplest tasks

Advantages and disadvantages of Taylorism (Scientific Management)?

Advantages: workers become good at what they do —> can become mindless workers

Disadvantages: dehumanizes workers —> people hated be treated this way and hated their jobs

Problems with Taylorism (Scientific Management):

• People treated like robots

• Worker Alienation

What is the Traditional Management View of Workers?

Theory X

Theory X

Workers are inherently lazy and irresponsible and will avoid work where possible

—> They MUST be supervised like children or else they will goof off

—> Employers must use the stick and occasionally give them a carrot

What is the Alternative Management View of Workers?

Theory Y

Theory Y

Workers under the right conditions seek responsibility and find satisfaction in their work

• Workers want to do a good job

• they respond to trust and being treated like adults

• people feel good about a job well done

—> Relates to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs!

Creator of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Abraham Maslow

What does Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs state?

“If we want to motivate, we must address rewards to needs NOT met.”

What are the levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

1. Self-actualization (creativity, problem-solving, etc.)

2. Esteem (confidence, self-esteem, etc.)

3. Love/Belonging (connection with others)

4. Safety (security of employment, physically, etc.)

5. Physiological (basic needs)

What is the Hawthorne Effect?

The finding that people are more productive at work if you pay attention to them.

The Hawthorne Effect reinforces the importance of ___________ and ______________ as motivators

recognition and self-actualization

• ______ are now international

• Customer base of many companies are now ________ in terms of customs, culture, food, clothing, language, religion

• Markets

• diverse

*Consumers in the US are more DIVERSE than ever

_________ between people are key to business, so… there is a need for?

cultural sensitivity and understanding

US Workforce is More Diverse than Ever Before

• More women are working than ever

• Ethnic and racial diversity in increasing

• People of color are in increasing % of the workforce

• Hispanics are the fastest growing minority in the workforce

• More workers are from non-traditional families

• Religious diversity in the workforce in increasing

Types of diversity include:

• Gender diversity

• Age diversity

• Ethnic/Racial diversity

• Sexual orientation

• Disabilities

• Political views

• Family situations

• For every 100 men promoted to manager, only ____ women are promoted

• The national _____________ is approximately 15 cents, meaning women on average earn 85% of what men earn

• Women make up just over _________________ of the US STEM workforce

• 81 women

• gender pay gap

• a quarter

We have had some progress in ethnic/racial diversity:

• In 1966, only 0.87% of African-Americans held __________ jobs. In 2023, 6.30% held such jobs

• African-Americans make up ______ of the overall population

• managerial

• 13.6%

• In 2020, ___ of workforce were people of color vs. ___ in 1977

• By 2039, people of color in _______ in our country

• 43%, 12%

• majority

• As the population ages, workforce is getting ______

• Re-entry of middle-aged _____ to workforce

• _________ returning to supplement pension

• older

• women

• Retirees

• ______ of the US workforce identifies as LGBTQ+

• _____ of LGBTQ+ employees report discrimination at work

• 6%

• about 25%

• In 2002, just 3% of Fortune 500 companies had nondiscrimination protections that included ________________

• In 2021, 96% of Fortune 500 companies include _____________ in nondiscrimination policies

• sexual orientation

• sexual orientation

What does DEI(B) stand for?

Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, (Belonging)

Employers have _______ workplace diversity since 2020 because…

• emphasized

• the wake of the George Floyd killing (2020) and the Black Lives Matter movement that followed.

However, since 2023 conservative groups have attacked diversity programs as _______.  Subsequently, many companies have ________________ in this area.

• “woke”

• reduced their efforts

There are two views today regarding diversity hiring and training programs

1. Pro-Diversity (Liberal)

2. Anti-Diversity (Conservative)

Pro-Diversity side argues that diversity hiring and training programs are positive thing for business and society. (2 chases for diversity?)

1. Business case

2. Moral case

Business Case:

Research shows that employees with diverse backgrounds bring different perspectives, ideas and experiences.  This:

• Increases profitability

• Increases creativity

• More effective teamwork

• Causes diverse organizations to outperform less diverse companies

Business Case for Diversity:

1. Globalization:?

2. Consumers in the US are more diverse than ever:?

3. US workforce is more diverse than ever:?

1. Markets are now international; There is a need for cultural sensitivity and understanding in: product development, marketing

2. Businesses need to better understand a diverse customer base. To do this they need a diverse workforce.

3. Businesses need to make sure their diverse workforce can work together effectively. This is why they do DEIB training for employees

Moral Case:

• People of all races, genders, national origin, etc. should have an EQUAL OPPORTUNITY to be considered for employment.

• The workforce should look like ________ at large.

• equal opportunity

• society

Diversity hiring programs are…

• designed to attract a greater number of diverse applicants for jobs

• They are not designed to give preferences to diverse applicants

Affirmative action in college admissions was rules illegal by _________ in ______

by the Supreme Court in 2023

Employers can still have affirmative action programs, but they cannot:

All of this is under _____________________

• give preferences to any applicant based on race, religion, gender, national origin

• have hiring quotas based on race, gender, etc.

All of this is under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Diversity training programs are…

• meant to ensure no one gets discriminated against based on race, gender, etc.

• meant to make employees feel that they belong

—> often done poorly; people trained feel like they were coerced

Opponents of diversity programs think…

1. DEI programs give an unfair advantage to people of color, women, LGBTQ Americans and others and discriminate against white men. —> Reverse Discrimination 

2. DEI programs harm society because members of underrepresented groups get favored treatment based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation and other factors, rather than their qualifications.  

3. Organizations should be meritocracies; DEI initiatives elevate racial or gender identity over individual merit.

Opponents of Diversity Have Successfully Weakened or               Eliminated many DEI Programs at:

• Public universities

• Governments

• Corporations