1.2 Etruscan + Rome

Augustus

First emperor of Rome

portrait sculpture

this sculpture is a non-idealized version of people

relief sculpture

known for its narrative value ; appeared on altars, arches and tombs

sarcrophagus

Roman marble or limestome coffin with elaborate carving

bust

a sculpture depicting a head, neck, and upper chest of a figure

Roman fresco technique

fresco technique involving painting directly on a plaster wall

buon fresco (true fresco)

the paints are applied to wet plaster and thus become part of the wall's surface

mosaic

Patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces (tesserae) of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors; also, the technique of making such works.

tesserae

the small piece of stone, glass, or other object that is pieced together with many others to create a mosaic

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

equestrian

type of sculpture of Romans

column of victory

a monument in the form of a column, erected in memory of a victorious battle, war, or revolution ; the column typically stands on a base and is crowned with a victory symbol, such as a statue

opus caementicium

Roman concrete

components of opus caementicium

lime mortar, sand, water, and stones

Voussoirs

wedge shaped blocks holding the curve of the arch

key stone

a central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the whole together.

centering

method to create arches with wedge-shaped stones

triumphal arch

In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road.

Trajan's Column

a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.

Arch

from wedge-shaped stones formed by the use of centering

vault

a curved ceiling made of arches

barrel vault

a vault forming a half cylinder

groin vault

formed at the point at which 2 barrel vaults intersect at right angles

rib vault

A vault in which diagonal arches form rib-like patterns. These arches partially support a roof, in some cases forming a weblike design

fan vault

a form of vault used in the perpendicular Gothic style, in which the ribs are all of the same curve and spaced equidistantly, in a way that resembles a fan or the spokes of an inverted umbrella.

dome

a rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base.

Oculus

a round opening at the center of a dome

portico

a structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular intervals, typically attached as a porch to a building.

Vitruvius

Established certain rules for standardizing Greek orders for architecture; De Architectura

1/4

According to vitruvius, the entablature shall be _____ of the column

1/6

According to vitruvius, the top of a shaft shall be _____ smaller than its base

Roman Orders

Tuscan and Composite

Tuscan Order

a simplified doric order with ionic measurements. an order of ancient architecture featuring slender, smooth columns that sit on simple bases; no carvings on the frieze or in the capitals

Composite Order

a Roman order that combines the Corinthian acanthus leaves with the spiral scrolls of the Ionic order. was the most commonly used style in Rome.

Roman Corinthian

was the most commonly used style in Rome. The capital is slightly smaller and the acanthus leaves are also different

Roman Ionic

The volute capitals were smaller and the ornaments around the next were omitted. The volutes were something repeated on all four sides.

plinth

an architectural support or base (as for a column or statue)

Pedestal

A high base onto which a column would stand. Usually 1.3 or 1.4 the height of the column, it is treated with a cornice top and a projecting plinth at the bottom.

Pilasters

a rectangular column, especially one projecting from a wall. meant as decoration to create vertical subdivisions to a wall

Forum

monumental center of religious, political, and social life of Ancient Rome. Rome's public meeting place. Counterpart of the agora and is composed of temples, triumphal arches, pillars of victories, Roman basilicas and shops

Pantheon

Built by Marcus Agrippa, finished by Emperor Hadrian. A temple to Roman deities. Bears a perfect dome in the world, the largest reinforced concrete dome in the world

Marcus Agrippa and Emperor Hadrian

Built the Roman Pantheon

equal

the diameter of the Pantheon's floor plan is ______ to the height of the dome

engaged column

a half-round column attached to a wall

coffers

A recessed decorative panel that is used to reduce the weight of and to decorate ceilings or vaults.

oculus

the round central opening of a dome

Church of St. Mary of the Martyrs

new name of the Roman pantheon

Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine

largest building in the Roman Forum

Scaena Frons

In Roman theatre, the ornate three-dimensional facade of the stage house.

Acanthus Leaves

The leaves at the top of corinthian columns.

Flavian Amphitheater

Colosseum for roman games. A combination of roman arch and vault construction

48M

height of Flavian Ampitheater exterior walls

Velarium

In a Roman amphitheater, the cloth awning that could be rolled down from the top to shield spectators from sun or rain.

Ara Pacis

Commissioned by Augustus for peace. One of the greatest marble monuments.

Roman Temple

Roman structure on top of a podium. Has a deep portico and utilizes peripteral or engaged columns

Domus

Roman house of the middle class, a structure designed for either a nuclear or extended family located in a city or town

fauces

a narrow doorway in a domus

atrium

a large centralized reception hall in a domus

cubicula

a number of small rooms in a domus

tablinum

office of the head of household in a domus

pars urbana

public part of the house

pars rustica

private part of the house

triclinium or oecus

dining rooms in a domus

hortus

small garden in a domus

Insulae

Roman blocks of flats up to 5 storeys high used as a shop and apartment

Villa

Houses the upper-class Romans; Roman country homes

Roman Theatre

More impressive skene than the Greek. It was built on level ground. Has a semi-circular orchestra

Roman Amphitheater

A roman structure Smaller than a coliseum; an oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats around.

Roman Coliseum

Roman architecture that is twice the size of an amphiteater; holds sporting events of gladiators

Aqueducts Large

Roman reservoirs for lead pipes to transport water to towns

Thermae or balnae

Palatial public baths of imperial Rome that portrays the customs of the pleasure-loving populace

caldarium

The hot-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment.

tepidarium

warm-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment

Frigidarium

The cold-bath section of a Roman bathing establishment

Lanconicum

Part of a Thermae; dry sweating room

Unctuaria

The room for oils and unguents in the thermae.

Apodyteria

The dressing room of the Thermae.

Circus

an arena in ancient Rome known as the Hippodrome; a long hairpin race course for chariot races

Circus Maximus

largest hippodrome in Rome

Roman Basilica

Houses the Roman law court; eventually became a hall of justice and commercial exchange

Roman tombs

Roman pyramidial shaped; monumental and had sculpture memorials

Roman atrium

A roman courtyard

Murrhine

Fragile opalescent glassware made by the romans and used for ornamental and useful purposes; imbedded with semiprecious stones

curule chair

A style of chair reserved in ancient Rome for the use of the highest government dignitaries and usually made like a campstool with curved legs.

Pozzolana

natural cement. The Romans made this cement with ash that was blown out of the volcano Vesuvius. it is waterproof and hardens even when it is wet; the hydraulic cement used by the Romans

Cubicula

mortuary chapels; a number of small rooms surrounded the atrium and peristyle where the family ate and slept in Anicent rome

opus sectile

A type of marble mosaic pattern; "cut work"; produced geometrical patterns

megalographia

a Greek term of art for any representation, especially pictures, statues, that is life size

Dosseret

A thickened abacus or supplementary capital set above a column capital to receive the thrust of an arch.

Tablinum

Roman office of the head of the house

cubiculum

Roman bedroom

Exedra

Roman kitchen

triclinium

Roman dining room

impluvium

a rectangular basin in a Roman house that is placed in the open-air atrium in order to collect rainwater

compluvium

a square opening in the roof of the ancient Roman atrium toward which the roof sloped and through which the rain fell into the impluvium

curule

First chair with cushion; x-shaped chair originally a folding stool.

bisellium

Roman double chair or settee

solium

Roman throne chair for men with animal feet for head of the family

subselium

Roman bench

Cathedra

Roman's Klismos chair