PBS Principles of Biomedical Sciene PLTW Unit 3 Test WCHS Mrs.McCormick

Prions

• No cure

• Submicroscopic proteins

Viruses

• Influenza

• Made of an outer protein shell and DNA or RNA

Bacteria

• Treatment: Antibiotics

• Unicellular prokaryotic organism

Fungi

• Treatment: Antifungals

• Mold

Protists

• Treatment: Antiprotozoal medication

• Single-celled eukaryotic, animal-like organism

Helminths

• Eukaryotic Worms

• Treatment: Deworming medication

True or False: You have more bacterial cells on your body then your own cells

True

True or False: All bacteria is bad

False

True or False: People with a disease or weakened immune system are more susceptible to infections

True

E.coli bacteria double in population using binary fission every thirty minutes. If the initial population is 10, what is the population of bacteria after 4 hours?

2,560

Ways in which pathogens are transmitted between hosts

Airborne, contact with infected people or surfaces, ingestion of particles, etc.

Direct contact

• Touches infected object

• Touches infected individual

• Exposed to body fluids

Indirect contact

• Inhale particles

• Bitten by insect

Which pathogen is most dangerous?

Virus A

Innate immunity

• Enzymes

• Tears

• Stomach acid

• Phagocytes

• Cilia

• Mucus

• Breast Feeding

• Non-specific defense

Acquired Immunity

• Vaccine

• T-cells

• B-cells

• Antibodies

• Normal flora

• Specific defense

There are 300 total cases and 50 new cases, calculate the R0

50/300 or 0.17

Which disease agent is the most contagious?

Virus B

Order of chain of infection

Agent of disease→Reservoir→Portal of exit→Mode of transmission→Portal of entry→ Susceptible host

Is there a way to break the chain of infection? Explain

Yes, through things like proper personal hygiene, quarantine, vaccination, etc.

Label the image

1. Colony

2. Bacterial growth

3. Agar

4. Petri dish

What is the difference between macroscopic and microscopic?

Macroscopic is bigger while microscopic is smaller

Label the bacteria to its morphology

1. Cocci

2. Bacilli

3. Spirilla

List the names of each cell arrangement

1. Chain of cocci

2. Diplococci

3. Stapphylococci

4. Tetrad

Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

Gram-negative

Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

Gram-positive

What is the MMWR?

The Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report

What is the average resting heart rate?

60-100 bpm

A patient’s heart rate is 105 BPM; is that high, low, or normal

It is slightly elevated

What does pale, cool, moist skin indicate?

This can indicate that the patient had a drop in blood pressure

What are the ABC’s of a primary assessment?

A: Airway- If the patient is breathing

B: Breathing- How well the patient is breathing

C: Circulation- Looks for a pulse and if there is any bleeding

You find a person unconscious, not breathing, with a broken finger and large abdominal cut. What injury do you tend to first?

Their breathing

Label each eye

1. Dilating

2. Constricting

A patient’s blood pressure is 140/100; is the patient hypotensive, normal, prehypertensive, hypertensive, or in a hypertensive crisis?

The patient is hypertensive

Which patient is dehydrated?

The patient on the left

Enteral

Medications that enter the body through the digestive tract

Parenteral

Drugs are those that enter the body in a manner other than through the digestive tract

Is the following enteral or parenteral?: Pills, liquid, enema

Enteral

Is the following enteral or parenteral?: Shots, ointment, eye drops, inhaler

Parenteral

Fastest type of injection to go into effect, but harder to administer

Intramuscular

Injection that is quick to be absorbed and easier to administer

Intravenous

Injection that takes the longest to go into effect

Subcutaneous

Label the picture

1. Solute

2. Solvent

3. Solution

Examples of life threatening bleeds

• Blood will not stop coming out of the wound

• Blood spurts out of the wound

• Blood is pooling on the ground

• Clothing is soaked with blood

• Bandages continue to soak through with blood

• Victim seems confused or is unconscious

• Victim has lost all or part of an arm or leg

Are platelets an example of positive or negative feedback?

Positive

What are the ABC’s of bleeding control?

A: Alert- Call 911 or get someone to help

B: Bleeding- Find the source of bleeding and determine whether it is life threatening

C: Compress- Apply compression or firm pressure on the wound

Which type of bleed would typically be more urgent to treat, venous or arterial?

Arterial

Does packing the wound or compression create a stronger barrier to prevent blood from flowing from the vessel?

Packing the wound

How long does it take for a tourniquet to cause permanent tissue death to a limb

2 hours

Bloodborne pathogen

Infectious microorganisms, like viruses and bacteria, that can be transmitted through human blood or certain body fluids

Cervical fracture

A fracture of the cervical spine (neck)

Mechanism of injury (MOI)

The manner in which a physical injury occurred, including how, with what force, and to what part of the body the injury was inflicted

Stridor

An abnormal, high-pitched respiratory sound produced by irregular airflow in a narrowed airway

Bag valve mask resuscitator

A hand-held device used to provide positive pressure ventilation to a person who is not breathing or who is not breathing adequately

Consensual pupillary reflex

The change in pupil size in the eye opposite to the eye to which the light is directed

Intubate

To insert a tube into a body cavity or hollow organs, typically for a medical purpose like ventilation or feeding

Endotracheal tube

A flexible tube inserted into the trachea to help a person breathe, often in conjunction with a ventilator

Trachea

A vital part of the respiratory system, connecting the larynx to the bronchi

Skin turgor

The skin’s ability to return to its original position after being pinched or stretched

Anaphylaxis

A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reactions that happens rapidly after exposure to an allergen

Antigen

Anything that stimulates an immune response

Antibody

A protein produced by B cells in the blood; works to impair pathogens. Also called an immunoglobulin

Epinephrine

Used to treat severe allergic reactions or sudden asthma attacks

Dehydration

Occurs when your body doesn’t have enough water to carry out its normal functions

Intravenous therapy

A medical technique where fluids, medications, nutrients, or blood are administered directly into a vein through a needle or catheter

Catheter

A flexible tube inserted through a narrow opening into a body cavity, particularly the bladder, for removing fluid

Semipermeable

A barrier that allows some molecules to pass through but not others

Diffuse

To spread out evenly in space, moving from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Osmosis

The movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal physiological conditions which enables the optimal functioning of an organism

Platelets

Small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding

Laceration

A tear or cut in the skin or underlying tissues caused by trauma or injury

Tourniquet

A device that is wrapped tightly around a leg or arm to prevent the flow of blood to the leg or the arm for a period of time

Ligate

The process of tying off blood vessels so that blood cannot flow to a part of the body or to a tumor

Hemostat

A medical tool used to control bleeding during surgery

Triage

The sorting and prioritization of patients based on the urgency of their need for care

Medical surge

A situation in which an influx of new patients challenges or exceeds a hospital’s ability to serve them

Surge capacity

The ability of a health facility to evaluate and care for a markedly increased volume of patients

Disaster response plan

A detailed, proactive strategy developed by healthcare facilities and systems to ensure a coordinated and effective response to emergencies and disasters that could significantly disrupt patient care or operations

Infrastructure

The essential facilities, systems, and resources needed to deliver healthcare and protect public health

Sporadic disease

A condition that occurs infrequently and irregularly, with cases scattered in different locations and time periods

Epidemic

A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time

Endemic

A disease that is constantly present in a certain geographic area or in a certain group of people

Microbes

A microscopic organisms, meaning it is too small to be seen with the naked eye and requires a microscope to be observed

Sequence of events for a disease defense team

Receives a call or email from a healthcare facility→ epidemiologists gather initial information → healthcare facility extends a formal invitation for DDT to help lead an on-site team → DDT arrive on-site and help gather information from interviews, chart reviews, observations, and conducts patient testing→ team analyzes the data to identify risk factors for infection and help develop control measures → DDT recommends new or revised measured and steps to prevent more patients from becoming infected → healthcare facility implements recommendations and checks to ensure the control measures are working → group communications continue to review what has worked and make adjustments as needed

Pandemic

An epidemic that has spread across several countries or continents and affects a large number of people

Outbreak

A sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease in a localized area

Most common examples of nosocomial infections

Pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTI), gastrointestinal infections, bloodstream infections, and skin/soft tissue infections