Biology Lecture: The Building Blocks of the Body

A comprehensive set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering the level of organization, cell structures, tissue types, and organ systems from the biology lecture notes.

Molecules and chemicals are made up of many tiny __________.

atoms

__________ chemicals are simple molecules that could be made of one or two atoms, such as water ($H_2O$) and oxygen ($O_2$).

Inorganic

__________ chemicals are complex molecules that always contain hydrogen ($H$) and carbon ($C$).

Organic

The cell/plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids, __________, and proteins.

cholesterol

The cell membrane is described as __________, meaning it controls what could enter or exit the cell.

semipermeable

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm, where most chemical reactions take place, is called the __________.

cytosol

All human cells contain a nucleus except for __________.

red blood cells

The __________ is a structure within the nucleus that forms ribosomal RNA for protein synthesis.

nucleolus

Genetic material in the nucleus is stored in __________, which are long threads of chromosomes made of DNA and proteins.

chromatins

The inner membrane of the mitochondria forms folds called __________.

cristae

Mitochondria produce chemical energy in the form of __________ through respiration.

ATP

__________ ribosomes are found suspended in the cytoplasm and make proteins used within the cytoplasm.

Free

The __________ endoplasmic reticulum is covered in ribosomes and is the site of protein synthesis.

rough

The __________ endoplasmic reticulum manufactures enzymes for lipid synthesis and stores calcium ($Ca$).

smooth

The Golgi apparatus packages proteins or lipids into __________ for transport.

vesicles

__________ are membrane sacs containing digestive enzymes used to break down unwanted materials and wastes.

Lysosomes

Epithelial tissue that appears to have multiple layers but is actually a single layer of long cells is called __________.

pseudostratified

The three shapes of epithelial cells are cuboidal, columnar, and __________.

squamous

The main functions of __________ tissue are to connect and support parts of the body.

connective

The most abundant tissue in our bodies is __________ tissue.

muscle

Muscle cells are connected forming strip-like lines known as __________.

striations

__________ muscles are attached to bones by tendons and provide voluntary movement.

Skeletal

__________ muscle provides involuntary contraction of the heart.

Cardiac

Nervous tissue is a collection of nerve cells called __________.

neurons

The three main parts of a neuron are the cell body, dendrites, and the __________.

axon

The __________ system provides protection from environmental hazards and temperature control.

integumentary

The __________ system is responsible for support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, and blood formation.

skeletal