Portage Learning A&P 1 Exam 1

What is the study of the function of the human body?

Anatomy

Give an example of the organ level of organization in the human body?

The liver

What is the breakdown of nutrients?

catabolism

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What are the 3 layers of the skin in order from superficial to deep?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the back of the body"?

dorsal (or posterior)

What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "toward the lower part of a structure"?

inferior

What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "away from the head end"?

Inferior (or caudal)

What anatomical orientation term is used to indicate "closer to the point of attachment of a limb"?

proximal

You are looking at a diagram of a patient standing in anatomical position. On the sheet of paper containing the diagram, which thumb points to the right side of the paper?

Left

Are the arms part of the axial or appendicular region of the body?

Appendicular

A patient is standing in anatomical position. The patient moves his hand to scratch his nose. What anatomical action term is best used to indicate the motion occurring at his elbow?

Flexion

What anatomical action term is used to indicate "movement away from midline"?

Abduction

Describe the position of the epigastric region relative to the umbilical region in anatomical position terms?

The epigastric region is superior to the umbilical region.

What organs are contained in the pelvic cavity?

rectum, sigmoid, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

True or false: the ventral body cavity contains the cranial cavity, the thoracic cavity, and the abdominal cavity.

False: the ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. Does not contain the cranial cavity.

The body is divided into superior and inferior sections by what type of plane?

transverse (or horizontal) plane

A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is referred to as what type of plane?

median (or midsagittal) plane

Which one of the following is not true of active transport?

Active transport occurs against the concentration gradient

List the three organelles, in order, involved in the synthesis, transport and shipping of proteins.

ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi complex

T or F: The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ADP.

False

T or F: peripheral proteins are found on the outer surface of a cell membrane.

True

T or F: exocytosis is the process that occurs to bring biomacromolecules inside the cell

False

T or F: receptor mediated endocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins.

True

T or F: endocytosis is a passive process. It does not require cellular energy expenditure.

False

In your own words, discuss Tay-Sachs disease. What organelle within the cell is impacted? What are the symptoms of the disease and why did they occur?

Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disease which one of the normal digestive enzymes inside lysosomes liking. Because of this enzyme slacking toxic lipid in the brain cannot be broken down. This results in buildup of lipids which can cause intellectual disability and or death.

You are observing to cells under the microscope. They are the same type of eukaryotic cell by one of you is much larger. Based on the parents alone, which one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger or smaller cell? Explain why.

The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands, the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic process to occur faster.

Describe nervous tissue:

responsible for the communication between the cells of the body by forming a system of electrical impulses that communicate very rapidly. Nerves are like the "wiring" of the body.

Describe connective tissue:

offers support and protection of body organs and includes bones, tendons, blood, and ligaments. Connective tissue cells are specialized to bind tissues together and play a supportive role.

Describe muscle tissue:

enables us to move. The cells that make up muscle tissue are specialized for muscle contraction.

Describe epithelial tissue:

covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body. The cells that make up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption.

What is tissue?

Tissues are groups of cells that perform a common function. The four basic tissue types in the human body are epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue, each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions.

Function of Adipocytes?

Adipocytes (fat cells) help to insulate and regulate body temperature.

integumentary system:

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail. produces vitamin D and contains the pain receptors and pressure receptors used in our protection. plays an important role in protecting our internal organs from extreme temperature changes.

skeletal system:

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints.

muscular system:

Consists of skeletal muscles, tendons that connect muscles to bones, and ligaments that attach bones together to form joint. Allows for movement of the body. Muscles attach to bones to bring movement to the skeletal system. Groups of muscles contract and relax in complex coordination to allow us to perform all our daily activities.

nervous system:

brain, spinal cord, nerves. Provides internal communication among the cells of the body. Our nervous system uses electrical impulses to communicate within the body and enable the body to respond to the internal and external environments.

digestive system:

Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Those molecules enter the bloodstream through the small intestine and supply the body with nutrients.

endocrine system:

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones. Thyroid gland and adrenal glands. regulate the reproductive system and the metabolism of the body.

Catabolism:

the breakdown of substances into their simpler building blocks.

Anabolism:

synthesizing of more complex structures from simpler ones.

What is ATP?

ATP is a very energy-rich molecule that powers cellular activities, allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.

cardiovascular system:

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.

lymphatic system:

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Responsible for immunity and fighting off disease. The lymphatic system is also a part of the circulatory system.

respiratory system:

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Involved in excretion of the waste CO2, which is a byproduct of metabolism. The respiratory system also keeps the blood supplied with oxygen.

urinary system:

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Involved in excretion of waste from the body. The urinary system also intricately regulates the water and electrolyte balance in the blood.

Which body systems help to move nutrients and waste through the body?

cardiovascular system, digestive system, and urinary system

reproductive system:

Reproduce offspring- produce male sex cells (sperm) and female sex cells (oocytes). reproductive system is controlled by hormones from the endocrine system.