Bio 11 - Algae, Bryophytes, Tracheophytes

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K.Plantae (3)

• Eukaryotic + Multicellular

  • True tissues + organs

• Photoautotrophic

• Generation alteration

  • Sexual + Asexual

Algae Characteristics (7)

• Protist

• Mostly multicellular

  • Sometimes unicellular

• Habitat = H₂O

• NO vascular tissues

  • NO internal transport

• Cell wall

• Slimy

  • Prevents dehydration

• Thin

  • Easy diffusion + floating

P. Chlorophyta Characteristics (green) (5)

• Links protists → Land plants

  • Theory only

• Chlorophyll A + B

• Habitat = Virtually everywhere

• Main one in algae blooms

• Ex. Spirogyra + Ulva

Algae Bloom (4)

• Nutrient pollution in water

  • PO₄ + NO₃

• Population rapidly increases

• No light at bottom = algae dies

• Algae decays + O₂ decreases

  • Kills organisms in water (ex. fish)

P. Phaeophyta Characteristics (brown) (4)

• Chlorophyll A, C + Fucoxanthin

• Habitat = Rocky cool shore

• Ex. Fucus + kelp

• Fucus = bubble + gelatin

  • Helps float + retain H₂O

P. Rhodophyta Characteristics (red) (2)

• Chlorophyll A + D (not much)

• Habitat = Tropical + warm

Algae Food (1)

• Stores food as starch

  • Brown stores as starch + oil

Algae Ecological Roles (3) (3)

• Food source

• Home for sea otters

• Additives in food

ADDITIVES

• Carrageenan

  • Smooths ice-cream

  • Candy bars last longer

• Some brown = Algin

  • Thickening + emulsifying agent

• Red = Agar

Algae vs Land Plants (3) (3)

ALGAE	LAND PLANTS
Stipe, blade, holdfast	Stem, leaf, roots
No vascular tissue	Vascular tissue
Aquatic	Terrestrial (moist at beginning

P. Bryophyta Characteristics (5) [5]

• First plants on land

• Evolved from green algae

• NO vascular tissues

  • Diffusion/osmosis

    • Short distances only

    • Short plants

• Mostly gametophyte stage

• Very reliant on H₂O

  • Habitat = high moisture

  • Sperm needs H₂O to swim to egg

• Ex. Moss

P. Bryophyta Structures (4)

• Rhizoids

  • NO absorption (H₂O + nutrients), only anchoring

• Stronger cell walls

• Grows bigger → more light

  • Nothing blocks in H₂O

• Leaves lose H₂O

  • Waxy cuticles retain H₂O

P. Tracheophyta Characteristics (4)

• True land plants

• Vascular tissues

• Mainly sporophyte stage

• Doesn’t need constant moisture

  • From vasc tissues

P. Tracheophyta Structures (4)

• Vascular tissues

  • Moves food + H₂O through tubes

• XYLEM: Moves H₂O + some nutrients ↑

• PHLOEM: Moves nutrients + waste (photosynthesis) ↓

• True roots, stems, + leaves

  • Leaves = chloroplast + cuticles

Plant Reproduction (2)

• Alternation of generations

• Sporophyte + Gametophyte stages

  • Longer sporophyte = more advanced

Moss Life Cycle (6)

1. Gametophytes make gametes (N)

2. Sperm swims from antheridium into archegonium → fertilizes egg (N → 2N)

3. Gametes → Zygote (2N)

4. Zygote → Sporophyte (2N)

5. Sporophyte makes spores (2N → N)

6. Spores → gametophyte (meiosis) (N)