BIO-1030 FINAL (Dr. Wonil)

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards derived from a BIO FINAL review, covering essential terms and definitions across various biological concepts.

Biodiversity

Variety of life across all levels of biological organization.

Systematics

Study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Taxonomy

Science of naming and classifying organisms.

Taxon (taxa)

A classification unit (e.g., species, genus).

Classification

Organizing organisms into groups based on similarities.

Phylogeny

Evolutionary history of a species or group of species.

Root (phylogenetic tree)

The common ancestor of all organisms in the tree.

Node (phylogenetic tree)

A branching point representing a common ancestor.

Clade

A group that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.

Binomial nomenclature

Two-part naming system for organisms; Genus species, italicized or underlined. (Ex. Homo sapiens)

Hierarchical classification ranks

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Linnaean classification

Traditional classification system based on similarities.

Phylogenetic classification

Classification based on evolutionary history and relationships.

Limitation of Linnaean system

The main limitation is that it is based on physical traits, which can lead to misclassification. It also doesn’t reflect evolutionary relationships.

Homologous features

Structures with common ancestry but different functions.

Analogous features

Structures with similar functions but different evolutionary origins.

Monophyletic group

Includes common ancestor and all descendants.

Paraphyletic group

Includes common ancestor and some descendants.

Polyphyletic group

Group with unrelated organisms without a common ancestor.

Bird-dinosaur relationship evidence

Morphological similarities like feathers and skeleton structure.

Three domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

Plant cell wall composition

Cellulose.

Fungal cell wall composition

Chitin.

Bacterial cell wall composition

Peptidoglycan.

Gram-positive bacteria stain

Purple due to thick peptidoglycan layer.

Gram-negative bacteria stain

Pink due to thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane.

Bacterial capsule

Sticky layer for protection and adherence.

Endospore

Dormant structure for surviving harsh conditions.

Fimbriae

Hairlike structures used for attachment.

Binary fission

Asexual reproduction producing identical cells.

Transformation (bacteria)

Uptake of DNA from the environment.

Transduction (bacteria)

Transfer of DNA via bacteriophages.

Conjugation (bacteria)

Transfer of DNA between bacteria through direct contact.

Obligate aerobe

Requires oxygen to survive.

Obligate anaerobe

Oxygen is toxic to the organism.

Facultative anaerobe

Can survive with or without oxygen.

Microaerophile

Requires low levels of oxygen.

Treponema pallidum

Bacterium that causes syphilis.

Halophiles

Archaea that live in high-salt environments.

Thermophiles

Archaea that live in high-temperature environments.

Symbiosis

Close relationship between different species.

Mutualism

Both species benefit.

Commensalism

One benefits, other is unaffected.

Parasitism

One benefits, the other is harmed.

Protists as a taxon

Not a formal group; they are polyphyletic.

Endosymbiosis

Process where one cell engulfs another that becomes an organelle.

Trypanosoma

Protist that causes African sleeping sickness via tsetse fly.

Brown algae structures

Holdfast (anchor), stipe (stem), blades (leaves).

Sporophyte

Diploid generation that produces spores.

Gametophyte

Haploid generation that produces gametes.

Plasmodium

Causes malaria; uses mosquito and human hosts.

Red algae common name

Rhodophyta.

Green algae groups

Chlorophyta and Charophyta.

Pediastrum

A type of green algae; not harmful.

Ulva

Sea lettuce; lacks true plant structures.

Fungi nutrient acquisition

Absorptive heterotrophy via hyphae.

Fungal asexual reproduction

Spores or budding.

Fungal sexual reproduction

Fusion of hyphae and nuclei.

Fungi closest relatives

Animals.

Fungal mutualism

Mycorrhizae with plants; lichens with algae.

Chytrid fungi impact

Affect amphibians like frogs.

Charophytes move to land

Access to more light, CO₂, and nutrients.

Unique plant features

Cuticle, stomata, multicellular embryo.

Nonvascular plant phyla

Hepatophyta (liverworts), Bryophyta (mosses), Anthocerophyta (hornworts).

Xylem function

Transports water upward from roots.

Phloem function

Transports sugars from leaves to rest of plant.

Homosporous plants

Produce one type of spore; bisexual.

Heterosporous plants

Produce two types of spores; male and female.

Gametophyte dominant plants

Bryophytes.

Sporophyte dominant plants

Vascular plants.

Coniferophyta as evergreens

Retain leaves year-round to conserve resources.

Sterile flower parts

Sepals and petals.

Reproductive flower parts

Stamen (anther, filament) and carpel (stigma, style, ovary).

Radial flower symmetry

Multiple mirror planes.

Bilateral flower symmetry

One mirror plane.

Fruit function

Protect and disperse seeds.

Cells

Basic structural and functional unit of life.

Tissues

Groups of similar cells performing a function.

Organs

Structures made of tissues that perform functions.

Shoot system

Above ground; includes stems and leaves.

Root system

Below ground; absorbs water/nutrients and anchors plant.

Primary growth in plants

Lengthening of roots and shoots.

Secondary growth in plants

Increase in thickness via lateral meristems.

Indeterminate growth in plants

Plants grow continuously due to meristems.

Photoautotrophs

Use light to produce food.

Chemoautotrophs

Use chemicals to produce food.

Heterotrophs

Consume other organisms for energy.

Self-pruning in plants

Shedding unproductive leaves.

Water potential

Determines direction of water movement via osmosis.

Transpiration

Water loss from leaves, pulling water upward.

Translocation

Movement of sugars through phloem.

Xerophytes

Plants adapted to dry conditions.

Cephalocereus senilis adaptation

Hair reduces heat and moisture loss.

Leaching in soil

Loss of nutrients due to water flow; affects anions more.

Soil nutrient management

Crop rotation and fertilization.

Inorganic fertilizer components

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (NPK).

Phytoremediation

Using plants to remove pollutants from soil or water.

Major plant elements (CHNOPS)

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur.

Absorbable nitrogen compounds

Nitrate (NO₃⁻) and ammonium (NH₄⁺).

Animal zygote to gastrula

Zygote → blastula → gastrula via cleavage.