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What significant reform did Alexander II implement in Russia in 1861?

Abolished serfdom.

What was the outcome of the Decembrists' attempt to gain a constitution in Russia?

It did not work out, and Russia remained a despotism under Nicholas.

What educational reform was introduced in Russia after the abolition of serfdom?

Universal primary education.

Who was Muhammad Ali and what was his significance in Egypt's modernization?

He was a skillful modernizer who broke away from Ottoman colonization and introduced Enlightenment reforms.

What were the core values that guided Muhammad Ali's reforms in Egypt?

Order, education, and hands-on problem solving.

What major agricultural achievement did Muhammad Ali accomplish in Egypt?

Made Egypt a leading cotton exporter and improved irrigation systems.

What challenges did the Ottoman Empire face in its modernization efforts?

Elite resistance, lack of confidence from rulers, and differing ideas among rulers.

What was the role of Sultan Selim III in the Ottoman Empire's modernization?

He tried to create a new infantry with Western European officers, but faced resistance from the Janissaries.

What reforms did Mahmud II implement to overcome the resistance of the Janissaries?

He brought in European officers to advise his troops and created medical colleges and military schools.

What was the purpose of the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire?

To reorganize the empire based on Enlightenment principles and ensure equality among all subjects.

What was the Edict Gulhane of 1839?

It declared that all Ottoman subjects are equal, with equal protection of their property and lives.

What was the millet system and what happened to it during Mahmud II's reforms?

The millet system was abolished, paving the way for people to mingle freely.

What was the British East India Company's role in India during colonialism?

It acted as a government for India, controlling commerce and establishing trading posts.

What was the initial state of India before British colonialism?

Originally ruled by the Mughals, who began to lose control as local people pushed back.

What area did the Mughal Empire shrink to as a result of local resistance?

Around Delhi and Agra.

What was the significance of the British East India Company's control over Bengal?

It marked the beginning of British political and economic dominance in India.

What was the primary goal of the British East India Company (BEIC) in South Asia?

To eliminate competitors and expand their colonization of South Asian territories.

What significant action did Parliament take regarding the BEIC in the mid-1800s?

Parliament revoked the BEIC's power and abolished its monopoly over trade in India.

Who was installed as the empress of India after the British government took control from the BEIC?

Queen Victoria.

What were the names of the three major bases acquired by the British in India, and their respective years?

Madras in 1640, Bombay (Mumbai) in 1668, and Calcutta in 1690.

What was the significance of the Battle of Plassey in 1757?

It marked the establishment of British control in Calcutta and solidified British power in India.

What was the purpose of the India Act of 1784?

To make the BEIC more responsive to the British government and focus more on administration than trading.

By the mid-1800s, what regions of India were under British control?

Most coastal areas and expanded inland, while the North West was still ruled by locals.

What was a major spiritual belief of Sikhism?

The relationship with one god and the principle that everybody is equal.

What were some effects of British colonization on India's economy?

Large estate owners gained more power, new colonial cities became more valuable, India became an importer of British textiles, and unemployment increased.

How did British colonization affect India's industrialization?

India's own industrialization stalled as they were re-colonized and lacked agency.

What cultural changes did the British advocate for in India?

They introduced British culture and made English one of the main languages, replacing Persian as the language of administration.

What was the British attitude towards the consequences of their rule in India?

Britain did not care about what happened in India; they were primarily focused on their own interests.

What traditional Indian practices were ended due to British influence?

Certain Indian practices were abolished as part of the cultural changes advocated by the British.

What led to the population increase in colonial cities like Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay?

These cities became more valuable than traditional Mughal cities, leading to migration and growth.

What dynasty followed the Ming Dynasty in China?

The Qing Dynasty.

When did the Qing Dynasty begin?

In the middle of the 1600s.

What territories did the Qing Dynasty conquer?

Taiwan and Tibet.

What were some challenges faced by the Qing Dynasty due to population growth?

Strained resources, potential food shortages, famines, and wood shortages.

What was the conservative approach of the Qing Dynasty towards modernization?

They were cautious because they were a minority.

What was the impact of the Opium trade on Chinese society?

Increased opium consumption led to silver shortages and hardship for peasants.

Where did opium originally come from?

Northern India.

What led to the popularity of opium in China?

The rise of tobacco smoking.

What was the British East India Company's role in the opium trade?

They created an opium monopoly in India and traded it to China.

What was the outcome of the First Opium War?

The Chinese were overwhelmed by Britain's advanced military equipment.

What significant event occurred during the Second Opium War?

The involvement of France and the signing of the Peking Convention in 1860.

What were the effects of the Opium Wars on China's relationship with Western Europe?

It shifted from ambivalent to negative, with a view of China as less powerful.

What did the Treaty of Nanjing establish for Europeans in China?

It granted Europeans 'privileged' status and access to treaty ports.

What was Emperor Qianlong's view of European powers?

He considered himself superior and viewed Europeans as desperate and uncultured.

Who was Muhammad Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab?

An Islamic scholar who sought to revitalize Islam and return to Muhammad's teachings.

What did Wahhabism emphasize?

Strict adherence to Islamic laws and rejection of lax religious practices.

What was the general sentiment in the Islamic world in the early 1800s?

A movement to revitalize Islam and reject westernizing approaches.

What did Wahhabism criticize?

Polytheistic beliefs and Sufism.

What was the main goal of the revitalization movements in the Islamic world?

To restore the vitality of Islam by modeling revolts after the life of Muhammad.

What were the consequences of the Opium Wars for the Chinese population?

Rebellions due to taxes and a wounded national ego.

What was the Qing Dynasty's response to the opium crisis?

They attempted to eradicate opium but faced backlash from British merchants.

What was the impact of Wahhabism on the Ottoman Empire's hold on the Arabian Peninsula?

It threatened the Ottomans' hold on the Arabian Peninsula.

Who was a powerful political ally gained by Wahhabism in the Arabian Peninsula?

The House of Saud, which led to the formation of Saudi Arabia.

What significant actions did Wahhabism take in 1803 regarding Shiite sites?

It attacked Shiite sites and damaged tombs of saints in Mecca and Medina.

What form of Islam does Wahhabism represent?

Wahhabism is a form of Sunni Islam.

What influences did Wahhabism oppose?

It opposed Shiism, Sufi influence, and local nature worship.

What was the outcome of the conflict between Wahhabism and the Egyptians sent by the Ottomans?

Wahhabism was defeated by the Egyptians but continued to be practiced.

Who was Usman Dan Fodio?

A mystic leader in West Africa who created the Sokoto Caliphate.

What was the Sokoto Caliphate?

A network of several Sunni Muslim West African states that emerged from Usman Dan Fodio's protest movement.

What was the main religion of the Songhai Empire?

Islam.

What was the religious landscape of newer states like Benin?

Christianity was practiced.

What does animism refer to?

Religions that believe everything has a spirit and existed before agriculture.

What motivated Muslim revolts from Senegal to Nigeria?

They fought for a purer Islamic past.

What was the demographic makeup of the majority of the revolting Muslims?

Most were cattle keepers or nomads, but some were sedentary.

What did Fulani clerics believe threatened their religion?

They believed their religion was threatened by the slave trade.

What is the significance of the Fula/Fulani people in West Africa?

They are an ethnic group in West Africa, particularly in the areas of the Mali and Songhai empires.

What was the stance of Usman Dan Fodio regarding slavery?

He protested the Atlantic Slave Trade but did not object to slavery itself.

What was the purpose of the jihad waged by Usman Dan Fodio?

To wage holy war against non-Islamic people.

Who were the adversaries of Usman Dan Fodio?

The old Hausa rulers, whom he believed were not acting rightly.

What Sufi brotherhood was Usman Dan Fodio a part of?

The Qadiriya.

What role did Fulani women play in their communities?

They supported military and religious endeavors.

Who was Nana Asma'u?

The daughter of Dan Fodio, known for her astuteness and inspirational presence.

What does the term 'Mfecane' refer to?

A period of military conflict, migration, and state formation in South Africa, particularly in the late 18th century.

What was the role of Shaka Zulu in the context of indigenous Bantu-speaking tribes?

Shaka Zulu was a ruthless warrior who built a state around his military, used violence and terror to intimidate subjects, and conquered much territory.

What are some similarities between Wahhabism, Dan Fodio, and Shaka Zulu?

All three were characterized by violence and a desire to return to traditional ways.

Who was Hong Xiuquan and what did he proclaim during the Taiping Rebellion?

Hong Xiuquan was a native of Guangdong province who proclaimed himself the heavenly king and formed the Society of God Worshippers, leading the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

What was Hong Xiuquan's view of Confucianism?

He was very anti-Confucian and sought to replace it with his own religious beliefs.

What significant visions did Hong Xiuquan claim to have?

He claimed to have visions that led him to believe he was sent by God to rid the earth of evil and establish a just society.

What were some of the goals of the Taiping Rebellion?

The goals included overthrowing the Manchu rulers, improving life for peasants, promoting Christianity, and rejecting Confucianism.

What were some of the strict rules imposed by the Taiping Rebellion?

The rebellion banned opium, tobacco, slavery, adultery, prostitution, gambling, foot binding, and alcohol.

What was the outcome of the Taiping Rebellion?

The rebellion ended due to military success of the Qing, internal struggles, Western opposition, and the death of Hong Xiuquan.

What were the effects of the Taiping Rebellion on China?

It led to increased Western influence in China, Qing revenge against the Hakka, and initiated the Self-strengthening Movement for modernization.

Who was Tenskwatawa and what did he advocate for?

Tenskwatawa was a Shawnee prophet who envisioned a world without colonizers and urged indigenous people to return to traditional ways and reduce reliance on European goods.

What was Tecumseh's role in indigenous resistance?

Tecumseh, Tenskwatawa's brother, preached the need for indigenous unity and opposed American encroachment, aligning with the British.

What was the Indian Removal policy and its impact on indigenous peoples?

The Indian Removal policy aimed to relocate indigenous peoples to reserves, severely impacting their culture and way of life.

What was the significance of the Qing Dynasty's loss in the Opium Wars?

The loss humiliated the Qing Dynasty and contributed to internal strife, including the Taiping Rebellion.

How did Hong Xiuquan's death contribute to the end of the Taiping Rebellion?

His death led to a loss of leadership and cohesion among the rebels, contributing to their defeat.

What was the Self-strengthening Movement and when did it occur?

The Self-strengthening Movement occurred in the 1860s-1870s and aimed at modernization while maintaining Confucian values.

What was the impact of population growth on the Qing Dynasty during the Taiping Rebellion?

Population growth contributed to social unrest, famines, and increased dissatisfaction among the peasants.

What was the significance of Nanjing during the Taiping Rebellion?

Nanjing was captured and became the new capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, where many Manchus were killed.

How did the Taiping Rebellion reflect the dissatisfaction of the Chinese populace?

It reflected widespread dissatisfaction due to the Qing's failures, including the Opium Wars and social injustices.

What was the relationship between Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh?

Tecumseh was Tenskwatawa's brother and viewed as more dangerous by Americans due to his advocacy for indigenous unity.

What were the consequences of the Taiping Rebellion for the Qing Dynasty?

The rebellion weakened the Qing Dynasty, leading to increased Western control and internal challenges.

What did Tenskwatawa urge his followers to abandon?

He urged his followers to abandon alcohol and European goods, promoting a return to traditional Shawnee practices.

What was the Taiping Rebellion's promise to its followers?

It promised a world of economic and social justice and peace.

What was the primary group leading the Indian Uprising of 1857?

Old nobility and petty landowners, with strong support from lower orders.