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Which of the following was an experience shared by the African leaders Nelson Mandela, Robert Mugabe, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kwame Nkrumah during the colonial period?
They were held as political prisoners.
Which of the following statements about Africa after 1946 is true?
Most African colonies gained national independence.
Which of the following is the basis for nearly all the boundaries of today’s sub-Saharan African states?
Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization
The map above shows the territorial arrangements in South Asia that resulted from
partition at the time of decolonization
Anticolonial movements like the Congress Party in India and the Young Turks agreed on which of the following?
The need for reform in order to resist European imperialism
Jacob Neusner, historian, “It is Time to Stop Apologizing for Western Civilization and to Start Analyzing Why It Defines World Culture,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 1989
The title of the article best suggests that the author is responding to the arguments of which of the following?
Postcolonial and anti-imperialist thinkers
The shaded areas on the map above of South Africa indicate
the reserves, sometimes called Bantustans or African “homelands”
Césaire’s interpretation of the nature of precolonial societies is most directly influenced by which of the following?
The Marxist idea that early societies were classless
The development of the British cuisine described in the excerpted speech above is best seen as an example of which of the following?
The effects of migration by former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles
China’s strategy for modernization and economic development in the 1950s most closely resembled the developmental strategy of
the Soviet Union
The implementation of which of the following policies in China best explains the trend shown on the chart after 1980 ?
Economic liberalization following the failure of Mao Zedong’s economic programs
Which of the following best supports the argument that colonialism was responsible for the lack of economic development in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East in the late twentieth century?
The tendency of former colonies to export raw materials
In order to achieve victory in China and Vietnam, Asian communists such as Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh did which of the following?
Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.
Which of the following was the most significant factor that prevented many African states from achieving political stability in the decades after their independence?
Ethnic and religious conflicts caused by the inclusion of rival groups within the same borders
Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam, 1945
The excerpt above was written in response to which of the following?
The failure of French colonizers to apply their ideals in Indochina
Godfrey Uzoigwe, Nigerian historian, Britain and the Conquest of Africa, 1974
Increasing interest among historians about the topic analyzed in the passage could best be explained by which of the following?
The decolonization of Africa in the second half of the twentieth century
In China between 1958 and 1962, Mao Zedong’s Great Leap Forward, an effort to make China an industrial power through mass collectivization of agriculture, is best understood as an example of
a communist government exerting control over the national economy
Some historians have argued that the Haitian Revolution (1791—1804) marks the beginning of the process of decolonization that culminated in the dissolution of European colonial empires after the Second World War. Historians who take this position are likely to place the greatest emphasis on the importance of which of the following in the decolonization process?
The role of the desire for natural rights in independence movements
The economic inequality described by Humboldt in the first paragraph was one of the primary reasons that many twentieth-century Latin American governments advocated for
programs to redistribute land and resources, often influenced by socialist ideology
Which of the following is true of both India and China in the period from 1945 to 1990 ?
In the 1950s, leaders of both countries focused on industrial development.
The speech above by Nkrumah is best understood in the context of which of the following?
Twentieth-century transnational movements attempting to unite people across national boundaries
In the early twentieth century, nationalist movements in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East were led primarily by
educated urban elites
In the mid-twentieth century, which of the following was a similarity between the approaches of China and the Soviet Union in managing their respective economies?
Direct intervention in their economies to speed the process of industrialization
Keshavarz’ article best reflects the influence of which of the following ideologies on members of Iran’s educated elite?
Nationalism
During the negotiations to end British rule in India in the aftermath of the Second World War, British actions were ultimately most strongly influenced by which of the following arguments?
The argument in Source 1 that “to yoke together two such nations under a single state” would lead to “destruction”
In the second half of the twentieth century, the kind of tensions illustrated by the two sources would most directly lead to the emergence of which of the following in postcolonial Asian and African states?
Movements advocating for regional autonomy
Songp’il Pak, Korean farmer and fisherman, describing his experiences circa 1939–1940, interview with a historian, circa 1990
A historian would most likely use the passage to research which of the following?
The use of nonviolent resistance methods against governments that demand cultural assimilation
Late-twentieth-century military conflicts such as the one referred to in the poem typically resulted from which of the following?
Nationalist resistance to imperialism
Which of the following developments in the period after 1945 could most directly be used as evidence to challenge the author’s assertion regarding the effects of British rule in India in the first two paragraphs?
Great Britain’s divide-and-rule strategy in India deepened religious tensions, leading to a partition of India that resulted in millions of people dying or ending up as refugees.
The fact that large numbers of South Asians migrated to Great Britain after the end of British rule could indirectly be used as evidence to support the author’s arguments mostly because the migrations of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles in the late twentieth century demonstrate that
migrants were attracted to many aspects of the cultural, political, and economic systems that imperial powers had brought to their colonies
All of the following statements about British rule in India in the twentieth century are factually accurate. Which could best be used as evidence to modify the author’s claim about the “public benefits” of British rule in India in the second paragraph?
British investment in infrastructure such as railways and roads provided the largest economic benefit to British companies operating in India rather than to ordinary Indians.
Which of the following best explains how the historical situation in which Li Zhisui wrote his biography of Mao Zedong influenced Li’s assessment of the experience of the Great Leap Forward?
Writing in the United States years after the events he described, Li Zhisui is free to offer his honest opinion, without fear of retaliation from the Chinese government.
Li Zhisui’s description of the actions of the local party secretaries in the third paragraph is significant because it can be most directly used to explain the ways in which individuals within communist China reacted to the government’s
use of physical violence against anyone seen as not fulfilling the mandates of the central Chinese leadership
Which of the following best explains the significance of Li Zhisui presenting two contrasting views of the success of Mao’s industrialization policy in the second and third paragraphs?
By doing so, Li Zhisui is trying to illustrate the discrepancy between the reality of the resource redistribution policy and the facade communists created for propaganda purposes.
Mao Zedong and Mohandas Gandhi both appealed to which of the following as a base of support?
Peasants
The maps of Africa above best explain which of the following about African history in the twentieth century?
Why African state-building efforts have been hindered by the persistence of political boundaries inherited from the colonial era
The characterization of the traditional Chinese marriage system in Article 1 most likely reflects which of the following?
The Marxist ideology of Mao Zedong’s government in China
The provisions in Articles 8 and 9 can best be used as evidence to support which of the following claims about women in China in the late twentieth century?
Women were an important part of the labor force that the government tried to recruit in implementing its economic policies.
Which of the following best explains why the movement described in the passage began after the Second World War?
The defeat of the Axis powers required the Allies to grant political concessions in order mobilize colonial populations militarily and economically.
Which of the following best explains why the Soviet Union supported movements such as the one described in the passage?
The Soviets wished to undermine Western governments during the Cold War.
The Mau Mau ideology described in the passage differed most significantly from that of the
Hind Swaraj movement led by Gandhi in India, which sought to achieve an independent India through protest and civil disobedience
“We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt.”
The quotation above by Gamel Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) was most influenced by
nationalism
We shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt.”
The quotation above by Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser (in power 1952-1970) best expresses support for
nationalism
Which of the following was a common characteristic of the major revolutions that occurred in Russia, China, and Mexico in the early twentieth century?
Nationalism and socialism helped shape all three revolutions.
Nationalist leaders in Africa and Asia, such as Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969), Jomo Kenyatta (1894–1978), and Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972), had which of the following in common?
Opposition to colonial rule
Which of the following most likely explains why Nehru was attracted to the ideas of both Gandhi and Marx?
Both were critical of colonial rule.
Nyerere’s description of the activities of anti-colonial “agitators” in the first paragraph best illustrates which of the following aspects of the decolonization movement?
It was typically led by locals who had acquired a Western education.
As outlined in the second paragraph, Nyerere’s view of the contrast between African post-independence politics and the “Anglo-Saxon form of democracy” most directly explains why some African independence leaders
eventually embraced authoritarian forms of government, including Soviet-style socialism
The partition of British India in 1947 created the new Muslim state of Pakistan and the predominantly Hindu state of India. The immediate result of the drawing of new geographic boundaries was
religious and ethnic violence that led to mass migrations and massacres
The political position advocated by FARC in the passage is most consistent with which of the following in the twentieth century?
Communist efforts to redistribute agricultural land to peasants
The relocation of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India and Muslims from India to Pakistan between 1945 and 1955 reflects which of the following world historical processes?
Population resettlement caused by redrawing former colonial borders
Which of the following best describes the main argument that Harris is making in the passage above?
The failure of the international community to provide effective economic assistance to Latin America has fueled interest in Guevara’s ideas.
The religious tensions alluded to in Poem 2 would result most directly in which of the following?
The population resettlement following the partition of South Asia into India and Pakistan after independence
Which of the following was a major similarity between the goals of leaders of the Chinese Communist Revolution, such as Mao Zedong, and the goals of leaders of the Mexican Revolution, such as Emiliano Zapata, in the early twentieth century?
Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants
Which of the following best describes a similarity between the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 ?
Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.
Which of the following African countries continued to have a sizeable segment of the population with European ancestry in the 1990s?
South Africa
Which of the following led to the most dramatic change in the status of Chinese peasant women in the 1940’s and 1950’s?
Maoist policies that banned arranged marriages and made women an important part of the Communist women’s movement
Tagore most likely makes a clear contrast between European and Asian states in order to
provide a counterbalance to European colonialism in Asia
The changes in political status as depicted on the maps resulted most directly from which of the following?
Religious, ethnic, and regional movements challenging imperial rule
The changes in the political status of the British territories and protectorates in South Asia as shown on the maps led most directly to which of the following?
Large-scale population displacements and transfers
Which of the following most directly opposed the creation of the postcolonial political borders shown on Map 2 ?
Transnational movements, such as Pan-Africanism
Which of the following was a significant effect of Western imperialism in the twentieth century?
The development of nationalism among colonized peoples
In addition to its main use as advertising material, the image was most likely also intended to
show the Soviet Union’s rise as a major technological power
After which event did the United States and the Soviet Union emerge as superpowers with respect to the rest of the world?
The Second World War
All of the following were policies pursued by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War EXCEPT
centralized planning of the national economy
The conference as described in the first and second paragraphs is best explained in the context of which of the following developments in the aftermath of the Second World War?
The dissolution of European empires
The conference’s decision to “endorse other methods,” as mentioned in the second paragraph, is best explained in the context of which of the following?
Many African colonies had failed to obtain the greater self-governance promised after the First World War and doubted that European powers would fulfill similar promises after the Second World War.
The author’s opinion in the third paragraph regarding the caution that the United States was employing in supporting African independence movements is most directly explained in the context of which of the following developments in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War?
The United States had vastly more economic and military power than its European allies.
Which of the following best explains why the Soviet Union was willing to undertake projects such as the one discussed in the passage?
Pressure resulting from the need to keep pace with Western economic development during the Cold War
Poster from the Seventeenth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 1934.
Poster text: “Raise the Flag of Lenin, It Gives Us Victory!”
Banners at bottom read: “Long live the invincible party of Lenin!” “Long live the great guide of the international proletarian revolution, Comrade Stalin!”
Artworks of the type shown in the image were used for all of the following EXCEPT to
encourage Soviet citizens to embrace Western popular culture
Which of the following was most clearly NOT a consequence of the Second World War?
The independence of Brazil
Which of the following was a principal cause of the Cold War?
Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies
Of the following, which represents a challenge to superpower domination by a smaller nation during the Cold War?
Prague Spring
The Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union during the second half of the twentieth century was characterized by competition primarily over
ideology and economic structure
Which of the following best explains why the United States and the Soviet Union preferred to engage in the type of conflicts shown on the map?
To avoid direct military confrontations that could lead to nuclear war
Which of the following best explains why nationalist groups such as the FLN became more prominent globally after 1945 ?
Imperial powers were considerably weakened economically and militarily because of the Second World War.
All of the following statements about Algeria under French rule are factually accurate. Which best explains the manner in which the poster addressed its intended audience?
Education for Algeria’s Muslim population was largely conducted in French.
Which of the following occurrences during the Cold War best supports the main contention of the passage above?
Both the United States and the Soviet Union armed and supported rival countries and factions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
In 1949, NATO was established so that Western leaders could counter
the perceived threat that the Soviet Union and its allies would spread communism
The experiences of soldiers such as those shown in the photograph most likely contributed to which of the following developments after 1918 ?
Growing anti-imperial opposition in European colonies such as India
The recommendation provided in the second paragraph is best explained in the context of which of the following historical situations in the aftermath of the Second World War?
The attempts by Soviet officials to establish ideological ties with newly independent states
George F. Kennan, United States diplomat to the Soviet Union from 1944 to 1946, article submitted anonymously to an academic journal devoted to the conduct of foreign policy, published in Washington, D.C., 1947
Which of the following best explains the purpose of the arguments expressed in the passage?
To influence United States government officials to adopt policies designed to avoid a major war
Which of the following best explains how the historical circumstances of Kennan’s service as a diplomat in the Soviet Union influenced his point of view regarding the “Soviet structure of power” in the first paragraph?
He witnessed how conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union allowed Stalin to further centralize his power and use Russian nationalism to mobilize the population.
Which of the following most likely explains the Soviet Union’s motivation for being involved in the Congo as described in the passage?
It wanted to take advantage of a regional conflict to expand its military power and ideological influence.
The level of military engagement between Western nations and the Soviet Union referred to in the passage is best explained by which of the following developments after the Second World War?
The possession of nuclear weapons by the United States and the Soviet Union made it too dangerous for Western nations and the Soviet Union to engage in large-scale military conflict with each other.
Which of the following explains the most significant difference between the circumstances of military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in developing regions such as Africa and the circumstances of military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in Europe in the late twentieth century?
Unlike in Africa, military competition between Western nations and the Soviet Union in Europe involved the establishment of rival military blocs.
The founding North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is best understood in the context of which of the following?
The Cold War
Western-led military alliance systems such as NATO that emerged during the Cold War period sought to
prevent the spread of communism
Nehru’s expression of confusion and distress in the first paragraph is best understood in the context of which of the following?
The devastation and suffering caused by the Second World War
The pattern in the numbers of nuclear weapons shown in the table between 1945 and 1985 is best understood in which of the following contexts?
Competition between Western and communist powers
The pattern in the numbers of nuclear weapons shown in the table after 1985 is best explained by which of the following?
The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War
Which of the following is the most serious limitation of the table as a source of information on the comparative military capabilities of nuclear powers?
It does not include data on the total destructive power of the nuclear stockpiles of each nation.
Which of the following countries experienced the most rapid economic growth during the Second World War?
The United States
On Map 2, the new divisions of mainland Southeast Asia in the region that had been French Indochina best reflect which of the following developments?
Cold War proxy conflicts
After the Second World War, countries around the world did which of the following to restore the global economy?
Established new financial institutions, such as the World Bank.
The author’s point of view regarding the West was likely influenced by which of the following developments at the time he was writing?
The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War
Which of the following describes a major change in international relations in the 1980s and 1990s?
The reduction of confrontations between communist and noncommunist countries
Of the following, which represents a challenge to superpower domination by a smaller nation during the Cold War?
Prague Spring
The global balance of power, alluded to on the map, best reflects which of the following changes in the mid-twentieth century?
The military and economic decline of Western European colonial empires following the Second World War
Which of the following likely explains the political positions of most of the nonaligned Asian and African states shown on the map?
As former colonial territories, they were wary of being dominated by another foreign power.
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