the persistance of learning over time through the storage and retreival of information
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semantic memory
memory that encodes meaning, including words
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implicit memory
procedural memory includcing consious recollection and cerrebellum (skills, motor, cognitive)
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maintenance rehearsal
straight repeating information to memorize it in shallow memory
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mneumonics
memory enhancing devices such as songs, rhymes, and imagery
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retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
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short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before information is stored or forgotten
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iconic memory
our fleeting photographic memory (sperling)
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primacy effect
an individual's tendency to better remember the first piece of information they encounter than the information they receive later on
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chunking
orangizing items into familar, manageable groups, often occurs automatically
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hippocampus
a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps store and process expicit memory
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infantile amnesia
the absence of memories that occur before the age of 2
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retrograde amnesia
amnesia where you can't recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia
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clive wearing
a man with anterrograde amnesia who had a virus and then lost his memory, only has a 7 seconds memory and beleives he has never had a thought in his life
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state dependant memory
acquired information in the effect of a specific drug and/or situation may only be remembered if the organism is in a similar situation where the information was acquired
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proactive interference
when previously learned information interfers with new information trying to be learned (learning new phone number when you already know old one)
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hippocampus
a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps store and process explicit memory
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long term potentation
a process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation (spread out studying)
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repression
psychoanalytic theory that there is a basic defense mechagnism that banishes from consiousness (anxiety, arousing thoughts, feelings, memories)
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source amnesia
attributing the wrong source to an event we have heard about, read about, or imagined
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hierarchal organization
putting things that are more important to you on top of the pyramid
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memory (re)construction
(loftus) filling in the gaps with plausible guesses and assumptions because imagining can create false memories
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automatic processing
incedental information that happend to be recorded
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retrieval failure
where the information is in long term memory, but cannot be accessed
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serial position effect
(ebinghouse) our tendancy to remember things that come first and last
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self reference effect
the tendency for people to better remember information when it has been encoded in reference to the self
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selective attention
the process of focusing resources on specific aspects of all input
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divided attention
limitations of performing more than one information-processing task simultaneously
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flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
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episodic memory
includes information from recent and past experiances (where you parked your car or the dinner you had with a friend last month)
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explicit memory
declaritive memory, facts and experiances one can consiously declare (hippocampus)
an encoding strategy to facilitate the formation of memory by linking new information to what one already knows
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storage
the retention of encoded information over time
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sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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long term memory
the relatively limitless and permanent storehouse for memory system (knowlage, skills, experiance)
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echoic memory
sensory memory for auditory stimuli
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recency effect
a cognitive bias in which those items, ideas, or arguments that came last are remembered more clearly than those that came first
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interference
the blocking of learning or of memory retrieval by the learning or remembering of other conflicting material
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decay
a theory that proposes that memory fades due to the mere passage of time
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anterograde amnesia
(clive wearing) a type of memory loss that occurs when you can't form new memories
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schemas
a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
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context dependant memory
improved recall of specific episodes or information when contextual cues relating to the environment are the same during encoding and retrieval
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retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of information
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recall
a measure of memory in which a person must retreive information
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mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall events that are congruent with one’s current good or bad mood
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misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
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working memory
the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks
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metacognition
thinking about one's thinking
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priming
the activation, usually unconsiously, of particular associations in memory
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next in line effect
the cognitive bias that causes a person to have lower recall for events that happened right before or after a performance
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prospective memory
the memory for intentions, enables us to remember to carry out an action that has been planned for a predefined time in the future
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retrospective memory
the memory of people, words, and events encountered or experienced in the past
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tip of the tongue phenomenon
a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words of similar form and meaning
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cued recall
the retrieval of memory with the help of prompting
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deep processing
a type of processing including semantic, personal, link to prior knowlage, alaborative rehearsal
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shallow processing
a type of processing that is on the surface, when you cram or maitnence rehearsal
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method of loci
envisioning a location or physical space that you are extremely familiar with to attach the terms and information you are memorizing to various locations/spots within that place
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consolidation
getting information from your short term memory to your long term memory