GED 5

Readings in Phil History

Historiography

Study of how history is written; not fully objective, contains subjective aspects.

Bias

Prejudice that can affect the interpretation of historical data.

Intention

Purpose behind writing or recording historical facts.

Time

Temporal distance from the event affects historical accuracy.

Proximity/Distance

Physical or emotional closeness to historical events influences interpretation.

Herodotus

Father of Histories; wrote "The Histories" about Greco-Persian Wars.

Ephialtes

Athenian traitor in the Battle of Thermopylae.

Battle of Tirad Pass

Filipino version of Thermopylae; death of Gregorio Del Pilar.

Januario Galut

Igorot traitor at Tirad Pass.

Thucydides

Historian of the Peloponnesian War; emphasized objective analysis.

Giambattista Vico

Believed history reflects ideas, customs, and deeds of mankind.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Proposed history is linear and goal-oriented (telos).

Hegelian Dialectics

Process of Thesis, Anti-Thesis, Synthesis to reach progress.

Thesis

Initial idea or proposition.

Anti-Thesis

Contradictory response to the thesis.

Synthesis

Resolution between thesis and anti-thesis.

Karl Marx

Father of Communism; introduced Historical Materialism.

Historical Materialism

Idea that material/economic conditions drive historical change.

Class Struggle

Conflict between social classes, the engine of history.

Capitalism

System with private ownership of major and minor industries.

Socialism

Government owns major industries; private ownership for minor ones.

Communism

Government controls both major and minor industries.

Fernand Braudel

Founded Annales School; emphasized long-term socio-economic factors.

Annales School

Historical method including oral history and broader context.

Michel Foucault

History is shaped by power and interpretation; no objective truth.

Archaeology of Knowledge

Foucault's method of analyzing history through discourses.

Primary Sources

Firsthand evidence written near the time of the event.

Secondary Sources

Interpretations written long after the event.

Historical Criticism

Method of verifying source authenticity.

Internal Criticism

Examines content accuracy.

External Criticism

Examines form/physical authenticity.

Antonio Pigafetta

Chronicler of Magellan's voyage.

Antonio de Morga

Wrote "Sucesos de las Islas de Felipinas"; cultural observations.

Fr. Juan de Plasencia

Wrote "Customs of the Tagalogs".

Fr. Pedro Chirino

Noted Filipino hygiene and culture in "Relación de las Islas Filipinas".

Fr. Ignacio Alcina

Described Visayan culture in "Historia de las Islas e Indios Visayas".

Catalonan

Luzon's religious leader and healer.

Babaylan

Visayan female spiritual leader.

Teodoro Agoncillo

Wrote "The Revolt of the Masses"; promoted Bonifacio's role.

Renato Constantino

Wrote "The Past Revisited"; focused on class conflict.

Reynaldo Ileto

Wrote "Pasyon and Revolution"; used folk narratives.

Encomienda

Spanish land grant system in the Philippines.

Encomendero

Head of encomienda; responsible for taxation and order.

Inquilino

Tenant-farmer in the encomienda.

Reducción

Resettlement policy into Cabeceras.

Cabeceras

Central towns with a church at the center.

Galleon Trade

Manila-Acapulco trade route between PH and Mexico.

Boletas

Ticket to participate in Galleon Trade.

Polo y Servicio

Forced labor system.

Polista

Male Filipino forced laborer (ages 16-60).

Falla

Payment to avoid Polo y Servicio.

Bandala

Forced selling of crops to the gov't.

Tributo

Annual tax paid in kind.

Cedula

Personal ID and tax replacing tributo (money only).

Peninsulares

Spaniards born in Spain.

Insulares

Spaniards born in the Philippines.

Mestizo/Creoles

Mixed race Filipinos (half-Spanish).

Principalia/Illustrados

Native elite/Filipinos educated abroad.

Indio

Uneducated native Filipino.

Military Government

Initial U.S. regime after colonization.

Civil Government

Civilian rule replacing military regime.

Commonwealth Government

Transitional gov't before independence.

Wesley Merrit

First American military governor.

Elwell Otis

Second American military governor.

Arthur MacArthur

Third American military governor.

William Howard Taft

First U.S. civil governor.

Francis Burton Harrison

Led Filipinization.

Frank Murphy

Last American civil governor.

Sergio Osmena

First speaker of Philippine Assembly; Commonwealth President.

Manuel L. Quezon

First Commonwealth President; first Senate president.

Cayetano Arellano

First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

Jose P. Laurel

President during Japanese occupation.

Manuel Roxas

Post-war President of the Philippines.

3Gs

God, Gold, Glory.

MCC

Military Government, Civil Government, Commonwealth Government.

MOA

Merrit, Otis, MacArthur.

God

Spain's religious motive for colonization; spread Christianity.

Gold

Economic incentive (mercantilism, trade).

Glory

Political prestige and empire expansion.

Factors of Historiography

Bias, Intention, Time, Proximity/Distance.

Types of Historical Criticism

Internal Criticism, External Criticism.

Forms of Gov't under Americans (MCC)

Military, Civil, Commonwealth.

Military Governors (MOA)

Merrit, Otis, MacArthur.

Spanish Colonial Economic Policies

Polo y Servicio, Bandala, Tributo, Cedula.

Social Classes in Spanish PH

Peninsulares, Insulares, Mestizo/Creoles, Principalia/Illustrados, Indio.

Commonwealth Presidents

Manuel L. Quezon, Sergio Osmena, Manuel Roxas.

Spanish Writers

Pigafetta, de Morga, Plasencia, Chirino, Alcina.

Types of Sources

Primary, Secondary.

ACCOUNT OF ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

Described the first mass site as a hill with sea view, 9 2/3° N latitude, 162° longitude, called Mazaua.

ACCOUNT OF FR. URDANETA

Stated Spaniards tried Camiguin, reached Masaua, but currents drove them to Bohol.

ACCORDING TO NHCP / NHI

Claimed the first mass occurred in Limasawa, Leyte.

GOMBURZA

Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora.

Mariano Gomez

Priest from Bacoor; part of GOMBURZA.

Jose Burgos

Priest from Manila; part of GOMBURZA.

Jacinto Zamora

Priest from Marikina; part of GOMBURZA.

SECULAR

Filipino priest.

REGULAR

Spanish priest.

SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT

Movement led by Filipino clergy to gain equal rights in parish control.

Fr. Mariano Gomez

Known as the 'Father of Secularization.'

Pedro Palaez

Advocate of the rights of Filipino clergy.