AP HUG Unit 2 Vocabulary for Test

Population Distribution

The spread of people across the Earth

Population Density

The measure of the avg. population per square mile or km of an area

Midlatitudes

The regions between 30 and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator

Social Stratisfication

The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity

Arithmetic Population Density

Calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area

Physiological Population Density

Calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land

Agricultural Population Density

Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

Arable Land

Land suitable for growing crops

Redistricting

Boundary adjustments based on population sizes

Infrastructure

The facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their day to day activities

Overpopulation

When a region has more people than it can support

Carrying Capacity

The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Age-Sex Composition Graph

Tool based on age/gender

Population Pyramid

Provides info on death rates, birth rates, how long people live on avg., and economic development

Cohorts

The vertical axis that shows age groups

Birth Deficit

The slowdown of births

Baby Boom

The spike of birthrates

Baby Bust

When birth rates are lower for a number of years after a baby boom

Echo

The generation born after a baby boom

Potential Workforce

A society’s labor force (ages 15-64)

Dependent Population

People under 15 or over 64, considered too young or too fold to work full-time, therefore, are assumed to rely on the economically active workforce to keep the society running

Dependency Ratio

The comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population size

Demographic Balancing Equation

Used to describe the future population of a region of any scale

Immigrants

People who moved into the country

Emigrants

People who moved out of the country

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Focuses on women in their childbearing years of ages 15 to 49

Life Expectancy

Average number of years people live

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of children who die before their first birthday

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The percentages at which a country’s population is growing or declining without the impact of migration

Population Doubling Time

The time a population takes a double in size

Demographic Transition Model

The five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

Demographic Momentum

Where countries from early stage 3 into stage 4 will continue to grow for at least one more generation

Epidemiological Transition Moodel

A model that shows predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they describe

Malthusian Theory

The usefulness of Malthus’s ideas about population growth

Overpopulation

An unsupportable population is…

Boserup Theory

A theory that suggests that the more people there are, the more hands there are to wrk, rather than just more mouths to feed

Neo-Malthusians

People who still accept Malthus’s fundamental premise as correct today

Anti-natalist Policies

Policies attempting to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries

Pro-natalist policies

Programs designed to increase the fertility rate

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children who would be born per woman f that group in a county, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years

Dependency Ratio

A value comparing the working to the non working parts of a population

Dependent Population

People under 15 or over 64

Migration

The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Voluntary Migration

People move by choice

Push factor

Negative events that compel a person to leave

Pull factor

Positive events that compel a person to come

Immigrant

A person who migrates across international borders who wants to stay permanently

Emigrate

When people migrate away from a place

Migration Transition Model

Argues that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the model experience rapid population growth+overcrowding

Intervening Obstacles

Barriers that make reaching a desired destination more difficult

Intervening Opportunities

Opportunities en route that disrupt a original migration plan

Distance Decay

The further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate between them

Gravity Model of Migration

Ravenstein’s Law

Step Migration

A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

Rural to Urban Migration

Rural to urban migration

Counter Migration

Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction called counter migration

Return Migration

Immigrants moving back to their former home

Emigrant

The perspective of the country when people migrate

Forced Migration

Migrants have no choice but to move

Internally Displaced Persons (IDP’s)

Migrants who move to another part of the same country

Refugees

Migrants who cross international borders

Asylum

Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he/she returns

Voluntary Migration

Occurs when people choose to relocate

Internal Migration

Used to describe movement that occurs within a country

Transnational Migration

When people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally

Guest Workers

Transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally

Chain Migration

Explains many patterns of migration and helps migrants transition into the receiving country

Transhumance

The process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

Guest-Worker- Policies

Regulate the number who can temporarily enter each country to work in a specific industries for a defined amount of time

Family Reunification

Policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

Xenophobia

A strong dislike of people of another culture

Remittances

Money sent to their family and friends in the country they left

Brain Drain

When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

Ethnic Enclaves

“Chinatown”