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Population Distribution
The spread of people across the Earth
Population Density
The measure of the avg. population per square mile or km of an area
Midlatitudes
The regions between 30 and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator
Social Stratisfication
The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity
Arithmetic Population Density
Calculated by dividing a region’s population by its total area
Physiological Population Density
Calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land
Agricultural Population Density
Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land
Arable Land
Land suitable for growing crops
Redistricting
Boundary adjustments based on population sizes
Infrastructure
The facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their day to day activities
Overpopulation
When a region has more people than it can support
Carrying Capacity
The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment
Age-Sex Composition Graph
Tool based on age/gender
Population Pyramid
Provides info on death rates, birth rates, how long people live on avg., and economic development
Cohorts
The vertical axis that shows age groups
Birth Deficit
The slowdown of births
Baby Boom
The spike of birthrates
Baby Bust
When birth rates are lower for a number of years after a baby boom
Echo
The generation born after a baby boom
Potential Workforce
A society’s labor force (ages 15-64)
Dependent Population
People under 15 or over 64, considered too young or too fold to work full-time, therefore, are assumed to rely on the economically active workforce to keep the society running
Dependency Ratio
The comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population size
Demographic Balancing Equation
Used to describe the future population of a region of any scale
Immigrants
People who moved into the country
Emigrants
People who moved out of the country
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
The number of live births per year for each 1,000 people
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Focuses on women in their childbearing years of ages 15 to 49
Life Expectancy
Average number of years people live
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of children who die before their first birthday
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
The number of deaths per year per 1000 people
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
The percentages at which a country’s population is growing or declining without the impact of migration
Population Doubling Time
The time a population takes a double in size
Demographic Transition Model
The five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize
Demographic Momentum
Where countries from early stage 3 into stage 4 will continue to grow for at least one more generation
Epidemiological Transition Moodel
A model that shows predictable stages in disease and life expectancy that countries experience as they describe
Malthusian Theory
The usefulness of Malthus’s ideas about population growth
Overpopulation
An unsupportable population is…
Boserup Theory
A theory that suggests that the more people there are, the more hands there are to wrk, rather than just more mouths to feed
Neo-Malthusians
People who still accept Malthus’s fundamental premise as correct today
Anti-natalist Policies
Policies attempting to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries
Pro-natalist policies
Programs designed to increase the fertility rate
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children who would be born per woman f that group in a county, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years
Dependency Ratio
A value comparing the working to the non working parts of a population
Dependent Population
People under 15 or over 64
Migration
The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Voluntary Migration
People move by choice
Push factor
Negative events that compel a person to leave
Pull factor
Positive events that compel a person to come
Immigrant
A person who migrates across international borders who wants to stay permanently
Emigrate
When people migrate away from a place
Migration Transition Model
Argues that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the model experience rapid population growth+overcrowding
Intervening Obstacles
Barriers that make reaching a desired destination more difficult
Intervening Opportunities
Opportunities en route that disrupt a original migration plan
Distance Decay
The further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate between them
Gravity Model of Migration
Ravenstein’s Law
Step Migration
A process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves
Rural to Urban Migration
Rural to urban migration
Counter Migration
Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction called counter migration
Return Migration
Immigrants moving back to their former home
Emigrant
The perspective of the country when people migrate
Forced Migration
Migrants have no choice but to move
Internally Displaced Persons (IDP’s)
Migrants who move to another part of the same country
Refugees
Migrants who cross international borders
Asylum
Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he/she returns
Voluntary Migration
Occurs when people choose to relocate
Internal Migration
Used to describe movement that occurs within a country
Transnational Migration
When people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally
Guest Workers
Transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally
Chain Migration
Explains many patterns of migration and helps migrants transition into the receiving country
Transhumance
The process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons
Guest-Worker- Policies
Regulate the number who can temporarily enter each country to work in a specific industries for a defined amount of time
Family Reunification
Policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country
Xenophobia
A strong dislike of people of another culture
Remittances
Money sent to their family and friends in the country they left
Brain Drain
When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people
Ethnic Enclaves
“Chinatown”
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