Chapter 7 flashcards (AI)

Classical Conditioning

The process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that elicits a response, acquiring the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response without learning, like food or pain.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Reflexive, unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus, such as hunger or drooling.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A once-neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response due to pairing with an unconditioned stimulus.

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Generalization

When a response to a specific stimulus occurs for similar stimuli.

Stimulus Discrimination

Learning to respond to one stimulus but not to similar ones.

Behaviorism

Emphasizes observable behavior and the environment's role in behavior.

Reinforcement

Action following a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior recurring.

Punishment

Action following a behavior that decreases the likelihood of that behavior recurring.

Positive Reinforcement

Something pleasant following a response, like getting good grades.

Negative Reinforcement

Removal of something unpleasant after a response, like taking Advil for a headache.

Positive Punishment

Something unpleasant following a response, like being called a nerd for studying too much.

Negative Punishment

Removal of something pleasant after a response, like being grounded for skipping school.

Avoidance Learning

Type of negative reinforcement removing the possibility of a stimulus occurring.

Escape Learning

Type of negative reinforcement where a response removes a present stimulus.

Extinction

Occurs when the reinforcer maintaining a response is withheld.

Shaping

Reinforcing successive approximations of a specific operant response.

Chaining

Linking shaped behaviors into a more complex action or sequence.

Intrinsic Reinforcement

Reinforcers inherently related to the activity being reinforced.

Extrinsic Reinforcement

Reinforcers not inherently related to the activity being reinforced.

Latent Learning

Learning not immediately expressed in an overt response.

Social-Cognitive Learning Theories

Focus on observational learning and cognitive factors in behavior.