patho alterations in cell function pt.2

Solutes

Particles such as electrolytes & protein molecules that have been dissolved in fluid

Proteins

Found in plasma, abundant intracellular anion

Proteins are found where

In plasma

Glucose

Common solute for energy , can cause fluid shifts

Electrolytes

Once in fluid separate into ions

Types of electrolytes

• sodium

• Chloride

• Potassium

• Calcium

• Phosphorus/phosphate

Sodium

Main cation in extracellular fluids, drives water movement

Where ___, water follows

Sodium

Chloride

Anion, Follows sodium, can travel together as NaCl

Potassium

Main cation in intracellular fluids

Calcium

Important cation for muscle contraction and clotting

Phosphorous/phosphate

Main intracellular anion

diffusion

High conc goes to Low conc

Solute particles follow property of

Diffusion

Homeostasis

Balance of solutes in body, same sum of ions in each fluid compartment

Which compartment does change in solute/fluid occur first

Blood

If a patient took postasium pills why would it go to the bloodstream first

So it could diffuse into the tissue bc initially the issue held LESS amt of potassium than blood

Hyperkalemia

High potassium in blood

Hypokalemia

Low potassium in blood

Hypernatremia

High sodium

Hyponatremia

Low sodium

Hypercalcemia

High calcium

Hypocalcemia

Low calcium

Normal RMP

-90mV

Cell must depolarize

Negative to positive

What number is the goal to depolarize

+30mV

Resetting

Happens when Disorder/DZ disrupts balance of electrolytes in blood

Effects of resetting

Changes cells resting mem to a more positive or negative number

Hypopolarization

RMP is reset to a more positive number than normal, SHORTENS polar gap, sensitive

Hyperpolarization

RMP is reset to a less positive number than normal, LENGTHENS polar gap, less sensitive

Hypopolarization is caused by

Hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypernatremia

Hyperkalemia effects on hypopolarization

Too much Potassium in blood, moves blood to tissue, causes resetting of cells mem to a MORE positive. LESS DISTANCE SO CELL GOES TO WORK FASTER

Hypernatremia effects on Hypopolarization

Too much sodium in blood, moves blood to cell, turning RMP more POSITIVE

Hypopolarization RMP

-60mV

Hypocalcemia effects to hypopolarization

Like a guard, Only allows one sodium in, if less then more sodium sneaks into cell, SHORTENS GAP MAKING LESS DISTANCE

S&S of Hypopolarization

irritable, sensitive, HYPERACTIVE muscle

Tetany

Severe spasms

Chvostek’s sign

Muscle tics/spasms

Hyperpolarization is caused by

Hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia

Hypokalemia effects on hyperpolarization

Less potassium in blood, moves cell to blood, making RMP more NEGATIVE

Hyponatremia effects on hyperpolarization

Less sodium in blood, moves cell to blood, makes RMP more NEGATIVE

Hypercalcemia effects on hyperpolarization

Cell becomes less permeable to Na+, less sodium in cell so RMP becomes more NEGATIVE

Hyperpolarization S&S

Muscles become less sensitive, hypoactive

Fatigue lethargy

BRADYCARDIA

HCO3 normal range

22-28

CO2

Acidic substance made by lungs, raises acidity and lowers pH

HCO3

Base/alkali made by kidneys, decreases acidity and raises pH

Acidosis

pH less than 7.35

Metabolic acidosis caused by

• excess H+ in body

• Not enough H+ in urine

• Not enough HCO3 made

• too much HCO3 in urine

Kidney failure

Makes it impossible to excrete K+ or HCO3 causes acid to rise = metabolic acidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Too many ketones (acids)

Poisons, drugs, alcohol

Another cause of metabolic acidosis

Lungs compensate metabolic acidosis by

Increasing CO2 exhaled thru increasing respirations

Respiratory acidosis is caused by

Diminished breathing/respirations, retention of CO2 leads to acidosis

Kidney compensates respiratory acidosis by

Increasing HCO3 to counteract acid as a buffer

Alkalosis

pH > 7.45

Metabolic alkalosis is caused by

• excess HCO3 in body

• Not enough HCO3 in urine

• Too much acid in urine or lost in metabolic ways

• Not enough acid made

Other causes of metabolic alkalosis

• a lot of vomiting

• Over ingestion of HCO3

Respiratory alkalosis is caused by

• high breathing rate

• Anxiety