(PSYC 2314) Exam 3 -- Chapters 9-12

as taught by Professor Mia Holder

Puberty

the time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. It usually lasts 3-5 years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.

adult size, shape, and sexuality

Puberty is a few years of rapid physical growth and sexual maturation that ends childhood, producing a person of…

Menarche

a girl’s first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after.

12 years, 4 months-old

Menarche generally occurs around…

breast growth

For girls, the first sign of puberty is…

growth spurt

For girls, the second sign of puberty is…

menarche

For girls, the third sign of puberty is…

testies and penis growth

For boys, the first sign of puberty is…

spermarche

For boys, the second sign of puberty is…

growth spurt

For boys, the third sign of puberty is…

Spermarche

a boy’s first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. It may occur during sleep or via direct stimulation.

the hypothalamus

The part of the brain that signals hormones to begin puberty is…

HPA (Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal) Axis

a sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands.

estrogen

Of the sex hormones, women produce significantly more…

testosterone

Of the sex hormones, men produce significantly more…

physical changes, brain restructuring, emotions, and self-reported development

Sex hormones affect…

Circadian Rhythm

a day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours.

change

During puberty, circadian rhythms…

Eveningness

especially in boys, some adolescents being more alert in the evening than in the morning

hormones

The limbic system is greatly affected by…

emotions and instincts

Rather than reflective or analytic thought, these develop faster during puberty:

8-15 years-old

Puberty hormones increase between

1 year

Visible signs of puberty appear around ____________ after the increase in hormone production

Iron and Calcium

The most common mineral deficiencies among U.S. high schoolers are…

Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by self-starvation. Affected individuals voluntarily undereat and often overexercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. It can be fatal.

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by binge-eating and sequential purging, usually by induced vomiting and/or use of laxatives.

Binge Eating Disorder

frequent episodes of uncontrollable overeating to the point that the stomach hurts. Usually the person feels shame and guilt is unable to stop.

Primary Sex Characteristics

the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis.

Secondary Sex Characteristics

physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a woman’s breasts.

Child Sexual Abuse

any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved.

become abusers

After puberty, sexually abused teens may…

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

a disease spread by sexual contact; includes syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV.

Adolescent Egocentrism

a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.

Rumination

thinking obsessively about self-focused concerns

Imaginary Audience

the other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of their appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious.

Personal Fable

an aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent’s belief that their thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique or are more wonderful or more awful than anyone else’s.

Invincibility Fable

an adolescent’s egocentric conviction that they cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving.

Formal Operational Thought

In Piaget’s theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts.

Deductive (Top-Down) Reasoning

reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics.

adolescence

Piaget believed that formal operational thought is the reasoning that characterizes…

1/3

Approximately ____ of U.S. high school graduates do not enter college.

44%

In the U.S., approximately ____ of new college students at a four-year college earned a degree.

33%

In the U.S., approximately ____ of new college students at a two-year college earned a degree.

job ready

In other nations, teachers pay close attention to children’s vocational education, ensuring that they are…

Stereotype Threat

occurs when a person holds a stereotype that someone else holds a stereotype about them.

within them

There is variability in each person concerning thought processes, not only between adolescents, but also…

Identity Verses Role Confusion

Erikson’s 5th stage of development, when people wonder “Who am I?” but are confused about which of many possible roles to adopt.

Identity Achievement

Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, when people know who they are as unique individuals combining past experiences and future plans

Role Confusion (Identity Diffusion/Role Diffusion)

when adolescents having no clear identity, instead fluctuating from one persona to another.

Foreclosure

Erikson’s terms for premature identity formation, when adolescents adopt their parents’ or society roles and values

Moratorium

an adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions.

Gender Identity

a person’s acceptance (or not) of the roles and behaviors that society associates with a particular gender

suicide, anxiety, and depression among adolescents

Parent-child support, communication, and encouragement are associated with a decrease in…

communication, support, connectedness, and control

The four aspects of parent-child relationships with the most focused study are:

Peer Pressure

encouragement to conform to friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude. Adolescents do many things with peers that they would not do alone.

Gender Differences

differences in male and female roles, behaviors, clothes, and so on that arise from society, not physiology

Gender Dysphoria

where one’s biological gender causes distress.

Sexual Orientation

a person’s romantic or sexual attraction, which can be to another of the same gender, the other gender, or every gender

Sexting

sending sexual messages or photographs (usually of one’s naked body) via phone or computer.

inappropriate and illegal

Sexting is…

marijuana and alcohol

The two most common drugs used in adolescence are…

Digital Natives

teens, because they have been networking, texting, and clicking for definitions, directions, and data all their lives

drops

During adolescence, self-esteem…

increases

During adolescence, depression…

Emerging Adulthood

the period of life between the age of 18 and 25. It’s now widely thought of as a distinct developmental stage.

Cumulative Load

the three body functions that protect emerging adults.

Organ Reserve

the capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress, via extra, unused functioning ability

protect emerging adults

In Cumulative Load, the three bodily functions, organ reserve, homeostasis, and allostasis, …

they are not emotionally ready to be parents

Many young adults want to have sex, but know that…

contraception

the device(s) that allow young adults to gratify their sexual pleasure without the risk of becoming a parent

Postformal Thought

a proposed adult stage of cognitive development, following Piaget’s 4 stages, that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical (combining contradictory elements)

what meaning that they intend to give their lives.

Emerging adults see their vocational identity not only as a means of obtaining money, but…

Objective Thought

thinking that is not influenced by the thinker’s personal qualities but instead involves facts and numbers that are universally considered true and valid

Subjective Thought

thinking that is strongly influenced by personal qualities of the individual thinker, such as past experiences, cultural assumptions, and goals for the future.

Intimacy Verses Isolation

the 6th of Erikson’s 8 stages of development. Adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation.

Cohabitation

an arrangement in which a couple lives together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married

Senescence

the process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and less efficient

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

the union of ova and sperm in a glass dish in a laboratory. It has become a common way for older or unpartnered women or same-sex couples to become pregnant.

Menopause

the time in middle age, usually around age 50, when a woman’s menstrual periods cease and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops. Dated one year after a woman’s last menstrual period.

Andropause

refers to the age-related reduction in testosterone

25 and 65

Adulthood covers the four decades of life between the ages of…

reaction time

As the brain ages, neurons fire more slowly, slowing down…

protect the brain

Cognitive reserve, homeostasis, and allostasis…

Plasticity

the idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics are moldable, and thus can change.

causes of brain loss

• drug abuse

• poor circulation

• viruses

• genes

• traumatic brain injury (tmi)

using other senses

All senses weaken over time, so the brain compensates for loss in any one area by…

tobacco use

The leading risk factor for many diseases is…

20 pounds

From ages 25 to 60 in U.S. adults, the average weight gain is…

notable

Drug use and obesity cause ______ effects on the body, especially between the ages of 25 and 65.

heart disease

The leading cause of adult death is…

psychoactive drugs

drugs that affect the emotions more than physical functioning

caffeine, marijuana, tobacco, and alcohol

The four commonly used psychoactive drugs are:

opioid

While the improvement of drugs in the U.S. has benefited physical and mental health across the nation, the rates of _______________-related deaths have increased.

Mediterranean Diet

a diet with ample vegetables and very little meat, as well as fish, nuts, whole grains, some dairy, one glass of wine. In many studies worldwide, this diet seems protective of health

Intermittent Fasting

a pattern of eating that includes periods of restricted eating interspersed with usual consumption.

Fluid Intelligence

those types of basic intelligence that make learning of all sorts quick and thorough. Abilities such as short-term (working) memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking are all usually considered part of it. Some developmental psychologists think that it decreases with age.

Crystalized Intelligence

those types of intellectual abilities that reflect accumulated learning. Vocabulary and general information are examples. Some developmental psychologists think that it increases with age.