RAD 211 exam 2 (pathology chapter 4-6)

a condition in which the left ventricle cannot pump an amount of blood equal to the venous return of the right ventricle is ________

left-sided congestive heart failure

pulmonary embolisms are most often caused by thrombus found in :

deep veins of the lower extremities

An older adult has shortness of breath during exertion and overall respiratory distress. the chest radiograph reveals an enlarged heart and a congested hilar region, with some pulmonary edema. What is the likely cause?

Congestive Heart Failure

_________occurs due to an increased pressure in the blood vessels leading from the heart to the lungs and is usually associated with left-side heart disease or hypoxia associated with pulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of greater than 20 mm Hg at rest.

pulmonary hypertension

______· occurs when a thromboembolism occludes the pulmonary artery.

pulmonary embolism (PE)

_____ · occurs when the pumping function of the heart is reduced, resulting in congestion of the circulatory subsystems and a failure to meet the systemic demands of circulation.

congestive heart failure (CHF)

_______also known as ischemic heart disease results from the deposition of atherosclerotic plaques on the coronary arteries. Blood supply to the heart muscle is decreased, resulting in ischemia, a local and temporary impairment in circulation caused by obstruction of circulation and myocardial damage as an inarct, which is an area of ischemic necrosis.

Coronary artery disease

__________is a congenital anomaly of the stomach in which the pyloric canal leading out of the stomach is greatly narrowed because of hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pyloric sphincter. This muscular hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter causes obstruction of the gastric outlet and is considered the most common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in pediatric patients.

infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

______is a congenitial outpouching or bulge (diverticulum) of the distal ileum and is the most common structural congenital anomaly of the GI tract.

Meckel diverticulum

________is a disorder cause by an abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) which causes frequent and persistent reflux, leading to chronic symptoms and complications such as esophagitis, stricture, or damage to esophageal mucosa such as an erosion or ulcer.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

_________also known as regional enteritis or granulomatous colitis, is a common idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by discontinuos widespread GI inflammation.

Chrohn Disease (regional enteritis)

_______is an iodiopathic IBD of colonic mucosa

ulcerative colitis

______is a twisting of a bowel loop about its mesenteric base.

volvulus

______ is a unique type of mechanical obstruction that occurs when a segment of bowel (intussusceptum) telescopes into a distal segment (intussuscipiens) and is driven further into the distal bowel by peristalsis.

Intussusception

________is the third most common cancer diagnosed in males and females in the united states and the most common GI cancer

colorectal carcinoma

signs and symptoms of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

vomitting, an olive shaped mass in the right upper quadrant in the first 2 to 122 weeks. infants become dehydrated and fail to gain weight.

_______a chronic liver disease resulting from hepatocyte injury through which the liver parenchyma and architecture are destroyed, fibrous tissue is laid down and regenerative nodules are formed as the liver attempts to repair hepatocytic damage.

cirrhosis

common signs and symptoms of cirrhosis

- extreme tiredness, loss of appetite, loss appetite, nausea, swelling in the legs, itchy skin, gynecomastia, confusion , drowsiness, slurred speech

_______is an inflammation of the gallbladder, often associated with gallstones.

cholecystitis

_______inflammation of the pancreatic tissue is known as pancreatitis

pancreatitis

_______also known as a hepatic venous malformation, is the most common benign vascular lesion in the liver.

hepatic hemangioma

_______is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the liver.

hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

________is a malignant epithelial tumor of the bile ducts

cholangiocarcinoma

______ is a disease in which malignant cells grow from the epithelial cells of the pancreas

pancreatic cancer

bile drains from the levers right and left hepatic duct directly into the _____

common hepatic duct

PTC (percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography) is ______

is a method of visualizing the biliary system using a puncture through the wall of the abdomen to insert a needle directly into the biliary tree. It has a high success rate in imaging the biliary ductal system, is less expensive than an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram (ERCP), and has a low complication rate of approximately 3.5%.

in some cases_____ is preferred over PTC because it offers the ability to perform therapeutic procedures such as sphincterotomy, stone extractions, stent placement, and biliary dilatation. Cytology and biopsy may also be performed.

ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram)

patients with cirrhosis tend to develop ______

ascites, esophageal varices, and jaundice

_____ and _____ are noninvasive ways of diagnosing CAD (Coronary artery disease)

CT and MRI

Major complications of CAD include

Angina pectoris (chest pain), myocardial necrosis, and myocardial infarction

______ is the best imaging modality for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

CT pulmonary angiography

clinical signs of congestive heart failure include _____

shortness of breath, coughing with exertion, and tachycardia

CHF can affect _______ side of the heart

either

A chest x-ray with a large right heart border and enlarged pulmonary vessels could diagnose _____

pulmonary hypertension

______ can affect any part of the GI tract, often the terminal ileum

Crohn disease

______ imaging may show a ______ appearance in barium studies. The ________ sign is demonstrated when the terminal ileum is so diseased and stenotic that the barium mixture can only trickle through a small opening that looks like a string.

-Crohn Disease

-cobblestone

-string

______ are dilated veins in the esophagus often due to portal hypertension. They can be life threatening if they rupture.

esophageal varices

_________ is reflux due to failure of the lower esophageal sphincter. It can cause barretts esophagus with chronic irritation. It is not always visible on a UGI,

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Barium study using _____ Barium provides the best imaging for Esophageal Varices

Thin

pulmonary hypertension is most often caused by ______ blood pressure

high blood pressure

______ is a useful imaging test for pulmonary hypertension

Echocardiography

_____ or _____ are used for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

NM or CT

______ and ______ are risk factors for pulmonary embolism

immobility and surgery