unit 4 american history

sectional differences between N and S/W

support/opposition of slavery, economic pracices, religious practice, education, cultural differences, and political differences

Mssouri Compromise

requested admission as a slave state, it would throw off the balance of free and slave states in senate, 36'30 line extended out to western boundary, missouri entered as slave state and maine entered as a a free state

westward expansion

the 19th century movement of settlers into the american west, began with the louisiana purchase and was fueled by the gold rush, oregon trial, and belief in manifest destiny

mexican-american war

over a border dispute and texas, america wins war, treaty of guadalupe hidalgo, 1853 gadsden purchase rounds out the current southern border with mexico for 10 milllion

treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

gains mexican cession — american ws (new mexico, arizona, utah, and nevada), texas border at rio grande river, US pays mexico 15 million

compromise of 1850

response to california question, proposed by henry clay, call admitted as a free state, slave trade forbidden in washington, territories would be divided and decide slavery through popular sovereignty, south would get tougher fugitive slave laws

fugitive slave laws

designed to suppress underground railroads, word of slave owners, or someone claiming to be, was conclusive proof of identity for a runaway slave, a suspected runaway could not testify for themselves

uncle tom's cabin

a powerful condemnation alf slavery, sympathetic main character gave a face for hose who had never witnessed it firsthand

kansas nebraska act

proposed, region divided into 2 new territories, kansas and nebraska; slavery decided by popular sovereignty, reactions: denounced by north and south demanded north recognize rights of slaveholders in territory

popular sovereignty

compromise of 1850, missouri compromise, and Kansas nebraska act all decided slavery by this

bleeding kansas

kansas nebraska act, led to immigration settlement of territory, john brown launched a raid on pattawtomie and killed 5 pro slavery settlers

Dred Scott Decision

Slaves could travel to free states, but were still owned

lincoln douglas debated

Lincoln: not an abolitionists, believed that if slavery was contained, south would eventually abolish it, Douglas: defender of poplar sovereignty, douglas tried to show republicans as abolitionists in disguise

underground railroads and harriet tubman

to help enslaved people escape to freedom, a secret network of conductors hid people trying to escape enslavement in farm wagons and on riverboats. she was an underground railroad conductor

harpers ferry

john brown and 21 followers seized federal arsenal in harpers ferry, planned to free enslaved people of countryside, ended with capture, trial, and hanging of brown and several of his sons

election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

lincoln's first inaugural address

seven states in deep south voted for secession, lincoln pleaded that the north and south be "not enemies but friends... there need be no bloodshed or violence."

fort sumter

civil war began on april 12, 1861, when southern troops fired on Ft. sumter, a federally held military post

north advantages

Population is 22 million, South about 9 million, better railroad system, control of US navy and merchant fleet, central government already in place, immigration added thousands of new recruits, diverse economy

south advantages

did not have to conquer north or win a lot of battles, "home field advantages", more able military

north strategy

Anaconda Plan, naval blockade to suffocate and ruin souths economy, split south along mississippi and subdue each region, take richmond

south strategy

defensive war, get foreign help, make north advance, hold and inflict high casualties, send union army back north

battle of first bull run

july 1861, first major battle, union forces with an estimated 2,896 killed, wounded, missing, or captured, the victorious confederates suffered 1,982 casualties, became evident that the struggle would be longer and more grisly

chancellorsville

may 1862, lees greatest victory, caught union by surprise on the west side of camp

battle of antietam

september 1862, bloodiest single day of battle in american history, more than 26,000 casualties, impact: provided lincoln the victory necessary to issue the emancipation

emancipation proclamation

january 1, 1863, lincoln stated that he would free enslaved people in confederate states only... not emancipation for all slaves in entire union

battle of gettysburg

considered turning point in war, if confederate win, might have led to recognition of the confederacy, lee invaded the north, battle began as a small skirmish turning into a 3 day battle, confederate: 75,000 troops, union: 85,000 troops, union victory

battle of vicksburg

city was vital stronghold on mississippi river, union general grant finished stage of vicksburg around some time as battle of gettyburg

chattanooga campaign

Union forces besieged a chattanooga, confederate general braxton bragg hoped to starve out union, grant arrived in october. 1863, providing relief, prompted his promotion to leading all union forces, important in invasion of georgia

sherman's march to the sea

adopted grants strategy of foraging, during march from atlanta to the sea, destroyed 100 million in property, 20 million in military damage, from savannah. sherman marched through the carolina's planning to link with grant

appomattox courthouse surrender

april 9, 1865, grant and lee met ad lee surrendered, grants terms: soldiers could return to homes with horses, officers, keep their pistols, will not take up rms against union