Geography Class 11

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Last updated 5:42 PM on 3/19/26
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22 Terms

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Glacier
A persistent body of dense ice that constantly flows under the pressure of its own weight.
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Freshwater Vault
Glaciers hold approximately 68.7% of all the Earth's fresh water.
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Snow Metamorphosis
The process of pressure and time changing "floofery" snow into dense glacial ice.
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Firn
Intermediate snow that has survived a summer season; looks like coarse sugar and is 20-30% air.
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Glacial Blue Tint
The color caused by high density; the ice absorbs red light and reflects the blue spectrum.
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Interglacial Period
A brief warm period between ice ages; our current period has lasted 10-12k years.
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Milankovitch Cycles
The "heartbeats" of Ice Ages caused by orbital changes: Eccentricity; Obliquity; and Precession.
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Eccentricity
The change in Earth’s orbit from circular to elliptical.
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Obliquity
The change in the tilt of Earth’s axis between 22 and 24.5 degrees.
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Precession
The wobble of the Earth as it spins; affecting the timing of solstices.
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Cirque
An armchair-shaped hollow high in a mountain that serves as the "birthplace" of a glacier.
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U-Shaped Valley
A massive trough with near-vertical cliffs carved by a moving glacier.
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Fjord
A glacial valley that has been flooded by the sea after the ice retreats.
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Moraine
Ridges of "till" (dirt and rocks) pushed to the edges or front of a glacier.
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Esker
A winding ridge of gravel formed by a sub-glacial river tunnel.
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Drumlin
A tear-drop or "whale back" shaped hill that points in the direction of ice movement.
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Rock Flour
Pulverized mineral sediment that gives glacial lakes a green or aquamarine color.
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Blood Falls
A crimson waterfall in Antarctica flowing from the Taylor Glacier.
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Oxidized Iron
The chemical cause of Blood Falls' red color; iron-rich brine rusting upon contact with oxygen.
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Radio-echo sounding (RES)
The technology used to map hidden brine channels and fissures inside a glacier.
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Latent Heat Release
A process where freezing water releases enough heat to keep nearby brine liquid.
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Sulfate Reduction
The chemical process microbes in Blood Falls use to survive without sunlight or oxygen.