08 - Animal Nutrition, Digestion Ch.47 (2025) (1)

Animal nutrition includes the processes by which food is __________, digested, and absorbed into body cells and fluids.

Ingested

Ingestion is the feeding method used to take food into the __________ cavity.

Digestive

Digestion is the splitting of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in foods into __________ subunits small enough to be absorbed.

Chemical

For animals, meeting nutritional requirements involves __________, the uptake of food from the surroundings.

Feeding

Herbivores obtain organic molecules primarily by eating __________.

Plants

Carnivores primarily eat other __________.

Animals

Omnivores eat both __________ and __________.

Plants; animals

A __________ is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of pure water by 1°C.

Calorie

A kilocalorie equals __________ calories or one Calorie (capital C).

1,000

Undernutrition is a form of __________, a condition resulting from an improper diet.

Malnutrition

Overnutrition is caused by __________ intake of specific nutrients.

Excessive

Vitamins are organic molecules required in __________ quantities that the animal cannot synthesize for itself.

Small

Essential nutrients include essential amino acids, fatty acids, __________, and minerals.

Vitamins

Fluid feeders ingest __________ that contain organic molecules in solution.

Liquids

Suspension feeders ingest small organisms that are suspended in __________.

Water

Bulk feeders consume sizeable food items __________ or in large chunks.

Whole

Most invertebrates and all vertebrates digest food primarily by __________ digestion.

Extracellular

Flatworms and cnidarians (jellyfish) have a saclike digestive system with a single __________.

Opening

Mechanical processing includes chewing, grinding, and tearing food chunks into __________ pieces.

Smaller

The gastric pit contains cells that secrete pepsinogen and __________ acid.

Hydrochloric

Once food enters the stomach, it is mixed with gastric juices to form a mixture known as __________.

Chyme

The absorptive surface area of the small intestine is increased by __________ and microvilli.

Villi

In the large intestine, the absorption of __________ condenses and compacts the digestive contents into solid masses.

Water

Products of digestion are transported across plasma membranes of brush-border __________ cells.

Epithelial

Ruminants have a complex, four-chambered __________.

Stomach

Fermentations in ruminants generate nutrients and __________ gas as a byproduct.

Methane

Essential fatty acids required in the human diet include linoleic acid and __________ acid.

Linolenic

Malnutrition includes both undernutrition and __________.

Overnutrition

Digestion typically occurs in __________ successive steps.

Five