Civil Air Patrol Aerospace

Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier

First true powered (25 min) flight with a hot air balloon over Paris on November 21, 1783.

Paul Fortin

Wrote a book about birds; the fantasy and mechanics of flight.

Dynamic Lift

An example of Newton's 3rd Law of Motion AKA Newtonian lift.

Daniel Bernoulli

Discovered the relationship between pressure and fluids which became the cornerstone of airfoil lift.

Camber

The line on the upper surface of an airplane's wing (airfoil) that is designed with a greater curvature.

Relative Wind

Air in Motion

Roll

Movement on the Longitudinal Axis

Pitch

Movement on the Lateral Axis

Yaw

Rotation around the Vertical Axis

GCS

Ground Control Stations

Lapse Rate

Cooling with an increase in altitude (3 ½ F for every 1000 ft.)

Convection

Up and down movement of air

Schweitzer TG-4A

Sailplane

Buoyancy

How a balloon is able to fly

Envelope

The container that holds the hot air of a hot air balloon

Parachute Panel

What allows the hot air in the balloon to escape

Crown

A hole at the top of a hot air balloon

Hot Air Ballon Instruments

Vertical Speed Indicator, Temperature gauge, altimeter, and GPS

Reciprocating Engine

AKA combustion engine because fuel is burned within the engine

Cylinder

Where fuel is compressed and burned

Intake Valve

Lets air and fuel into the cylinder

In-Line Engine

Used for Aerodynamic efficiency

V-Engine

Used for smaller aircraft

Radial Engine

Used for maximum cooling

Stoichiometric Ratio

15 parts air to 1-part gasoline (Most efficient and all fuel is burned)

Rich mixture

More gas and less air

Lean mixture

Less fuel and more air

Magnetos

Supplies energy to the spark plugs and are separate from the main electric system.

Airplane Voltage

14-28 volt system

Tachometer

Measures engine speed

Altimeter

Measures altitude (Set before takeoff)

Vertical velocity indicator

Measures rate of climb

Airspeed indicator

Measures speed

Altitude indicator

Artificial horizon

Inclinometer

Curved liquid filled tube with ball (Lets pilot know if turn was good)

Glass cockpit

Allows the pilot to be more focused

GPS

- Developed by the DOD in 1973. (Can be used for earthquake studies) Comprised of satellites, ground stations and data centers.

ELT

Required by OSHA for all civilian aircraft.

Atmosphere

Reaches almost 350 miles up from the surface of the earth. (Made of 78% gas and 21% oxygen)

Atmospheric layers

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

Tropopause

Dividing area between the troposphere and the next layer.

Spaces starts

NASA says 50 miles but its widely accepted at 62 miles or 100 kilometers.

Ozonosphere

10-30 miles up and creates ozone

Ionosphere

Begins at 25 miles to about 250 miles. Area where electrons are gained or lost.

Earth's rotation

Takes 365 days at a 23.5 degree tilt.

Prevailing westerlies

Go from East to West and are responsible for U.S. Weather.

Jet stream

Goes from West to East

Knot

Equals 1.15 MPH

Beaufort scale

Helps in estimating wind speed over land or sea.

Microburst

100-150 MPH and have a diameter of 2.5 Miles or less

Heat

The total energy of all molecules within a substance

Conduction

Heating by direct contact

Convection

Vertical heat transfer (rising air)

Advection

Lateral heat transfer (Wind blowing)

Radiation

Heat energy from the sun

Takeoff

Outside decreases in pressure and inside increases

Landing

Outside increases in pressure and inside decreases

Air Mass

A large body of air with the same temperature and moisture characteristics.

Front

A boundary between two air masses. (Cold, stationary and occulated)

Three types of severe weather

Thunderstorms, tornados and hurricanes

Hero

Greek man that developed the first rocket engine.

Rodger Bacon

Improved gun powder for increased rocket range.

Jean Froissart

Improved rocket accuracy by launching rockets though tubes.

Sir Issac Newton

Created the laws of motion and influenced rocket design. (Even to today)

Colonel Willian Congreve

Artillery expert in the British army and created the Congreve rockets. Useful due to the amount that could be fired.

William Hale

Created spin stabilization for rocket accuracy.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky

Proposed space exploration via rocket in 1898. "Father of modern astronautics"

Robert H. Goddard

First successful flight with a liquid propellant rocket. (Liquid oxygen and gasoline) Believed in multistage rockets for high altitudes. "Father of modern rocketry.

Hermann Oberth

Book on rocket travel

Werner Vor Braun

Built V-2 rocket and headed up the U.S. rocket program.

Sergei Korolev

Leading Russian scientist in rockets. First soviet intercontinental ballistic rocket in 1957. "Father of the Soviet Space program."

Sputnik 1

First artificial (man-made) satellite on October 4, 1957.

Explorer 1

January 31, 1958 Van Allen Radiation belt.

NASA

Formal organized space program (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) The DOD became responsible for research and development of military aerospace activities.

Yuri Gararin

First man to orbit the earth in April 1961.

Allen Shepard

First American in space (Mercury capsule Freedom 7). Lasted only 15 minutes. (Redstone rocket)

President J.F.K.

Promised a man on the moon by the end of the decade (May 25, 1961)

John Glenn

First American to orbit the earth (Mercury capsule Friendship 7). 4 Hours 55 minutes on February 1962. (Atlas rocket)

Saturn IB

Launched first three man mission Apollo 7 (October 1968)

Apollo 11

July 20, 1969 landed on the moon powed by Saturn V

Neil Armstrong

Became the first man to walk on the moon.

Skylab

First U.S. space station. Longest mission 84 days.

Space Shuttle (STS)

Used for transportation to space and back to earth. Launched in 1981. Three main parts: The orbiter, solid rocket boosters and the external tank.

Thrust

The amount of force used to get a rocket to move upwards.

Inertia

Tendency of an object at rest to stay at rest and an object in motion to stay in motion.

Acceleration

A rate of change in velocity with respect to time.

Four major rocket systems

Airframe, guidance, control and propulsion. Help deliver the payload.

Airframe

Provides the shape of the rocket

Guidance system

The brain of the rocket

Control system

Takes information from the guidance system to steer the rocket.

Propulsion system

Everything that involved propelling the rocket.

Liquid propellant

Kerosene or liquid hydrogen. Oxidizer is liquid oxygen.

The blue flame

Set the land speed record October 28, 1970 with Gary Galelich.

Thrust SCC

Broke the land speed record and broke the sound barrier in 1997. British created the car and Andy Green drove it.

X-Prize

September 29, 2004, Mike Melvill (Test pilot for Scaled Composites of Mojave Aerospace Adventures) Flew SpaceShipOne and won the prize of 10 million dollars. First private pilot to earn NASA's astronaut wings.

White Knight and Spaceship 1

Mothership of SpaceShipOne

White Knight 2 and Spaceship 2

Will take passengers commercially to space.

Space

Where molecules and atoms become so widely spaced that there is no interaction.

Universe

The universe includes everything

Vacuum

A space that is empty (Virtually no molecules)