Radiation and spectra

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31 Terms

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absorption spectrum
A series or pattern of dark lines superimposed on a continuous spectrum.
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blackbody
An idealized object that absorbs all electromagnetic energy that falls onto it.
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continuous spectrum
A spectrum of light composed of radiation of a continuous range of wavelengths or colors.
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dispersion
Separation of different wavelengths of white light through refraction of different amounts.
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Doppler effect
The apparent change in wavelength or frequency of the radiation from a source due to its relative motion away from or toward the observer.
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electromagnetic radiation
Radiation consisting of waves propagated through regularly varying electric and magnetic fields and traveling at the speed of light.
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electromagnetic spectrum
The whole array or family of electromagnetic waves, from radio to gamma rays.
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emission spectrum
A series or pattern of bright lines superimposed on a continuous spectrum.
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energy flux
The amount of energy passing through a unit area per second, measured in watts per square meter.
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energy level
A particular level of energy possessed by an atom or ion above its least energetic state.
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excitation
The process of giving an atom or an ion an amount of energy greater than it has in its lowest energy state.
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frequency
The number of waves that cross a given point per unit time in radiation.
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gamma rays
Photons of energy with wavelengths no longer than 0.01 nanometer; the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation.
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ground state
The lowest energy state of an atom.
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infrared
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 10^3–10^6 nanometers.
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inverse square law
The amount of energy flowing through a given area decreases in proportion to the square of the distance from the source.
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ion
An atom that has become electrically charged by the addition or loss of one or more electrons.
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ionization
The process by which an atom gains or loses electrons.
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isotope
Forms of the same element whose atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
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microwave
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths from 1 millimeter to 1 meter.
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nucleus (of an atom)
The massive part of an atom, composed mostly of protons and neutrons.
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photon
A discrete unit of electromagnetic energy.
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radial velocity
Motion toward or away from the observer.
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radio waves
All electromagnetic waves longer than microwaves, including radar waves and AM radio waves.
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spectrometer
An instrument for obtaining a spectrum, usually attached to a telescope in astronomy.
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Stefan-Boltzmann law
A formula used to compute the rate at which a blackbody radiates energy.
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ultraviolet
Electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths 10 to 400 nanometers.
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visible light
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths of roughly 400–700 nanometers; visible to the human eye.
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wavelength
The distance from crest to crest or trough to trough in a wave.
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Wien’s law
Formula that relates the temperature of a blackbody to the wavelength it emits at the greatest intensity.
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X-rays
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 0.01 and 20 nanometers.