SIMPLIFIED Biologically Important Molecules

Setlist includes specific hormone types, amino acids, nucleic acids, common sugars, metabolism related molecules, and some vitamins

indole

indole

found in tryptophan

imidazole

found in histidine

guanidinium

found in arginine

pyrrole

a structural component in polyphyrins- which form conjugated heterocyclic compounds with metal cations (part of hemoglobin prosthetic group).
glycine is also a precursor to this.

pyramidine

.

purine

.

guanine

.

adenine

.

uracil

.

nucleoside

.

nucleotide

.

glucose

.

frutose

.

ribose

.

deoxyribose

.

maltose

contains alpha glycosidic bond with 2 glucose molecules

sucrose

contains alpha bond with a glucose and a fructose molecule

lactose

contains a beta bond with a galactose and a glucose

galactose

.

glycogen

made of glucose (more branched) can be 1-4 or 1-6 alpha glycosidic bonds

amylose

made of glucose (more linear) with ONLY 1-4 alpha glycosidic bonds

cellulose

made of glucose and is bonded with 1-4 beta glycosidic bonds

aspartic acid

polar, negative side chain

glutamic acid

polar, negative side chain

arginine

polar, positive side chain

lysine

polar, positive side chain

histidine

polar, positive side chain

cysteine

polar, uncharged

glycine

nonpolar, uncharged

alanine

nonpolar, uncharged

leucine

nonpolar, uncharged

isoleucine

nonpolar, uncharged

valine

nonpolar, uncharged

tyrosine

polar, uncharged

tryptophan

nonpolar, uncharged

methionine

nonpolar, uncharged

proline

nonpolar, uncharged

serine

polar, uncharged

threonine

Thr, T
polar, uncharged

asparagine

Asn, N

polar, uncharged

glutamine

Gln, Q
polar, uncharged

phenylalanine

Phe, F

nonpolar, uncharged

riboflavin

Vitamin B2

niacin

Vitamin B3

biotin

Vitamin B7

mannose

epimer of glucose that differs at the c2 carbon

ammonium

NH4+

hydronium

H3O+

acetate

CH3CO2-

bicarbonate

CHO3-

cyanide

CN-

hydroxide

OH-

nitrate

NO3-

nitrite

NO2-

perchlorate

ClO4-

carbonate

CO3-2

sulfate

SO4-2

sulfite

SO3-

phosphate

PO4-3

methyl

ethyl

propyl

butyl

isopropyl

sec-butyl

t-butyl

alkane

-ane

alkene

-ene
-en-

alcohol

hydroxy-
-ol

aldehyde

oxo-
-al

ketone

-one
oxo-
keto-

carboxylic acid

-oic acid

amide

-amide

ester

X-yl Y-ate
(x=esterifying group)

acid/acetic anhydride

X-oic Y-oic anhydride

amine

-amino
amino-

imine

-imine

enamine

enamine

furanose

5 carbon sugar

pyranose

6 carbon sugar

terpene

made up of isoprene units (a 5 carbon unit with the formula C5H8)n. Nonpolar and hydrophobic. Known for squalene- the precursor of cholesterol

squalene

a type of terpene that is the precursor for cholesterol and thus steroids

cholesterol

precursor to steroids
also helps with cell membrane stability and fluidity (high temps=rigid low temps=fluid)

starch

glucose molecules joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic linkages. can exist as amylose (more linear or amylopectin (more branched)

acetyl

.

sulfonyl

.

phenyl

.

benzyl

.

furan

.

cyanohydrin

.

benzoic acid

.

ethanoic/acetic acid

.

acetone

.

glycerol

.

alkyne

.

alkyl halide

.

thoil/sulfhydryl

.

ether

.

epoxide

.

phenol

.