2.8(intelligence and achievement)

g theory

• Proposed by Charles Spearman

• Suggests there’s one overall intelligence factor (“g”) that influences all cognitive abilities

multiple abilities

• proposed by Howard Gardner

• Argues intelligence is not a single general ability but multiple distinct types

fluid intelligence

Ability to think logically and solve new problems without relying on past knowledge

crystallized intelligence

The knowledge and skills you’ve accumulated over time through experience and education

IQ as mental age/chronological age

IQ= (mental age/chronological age)x100

modern uses of IQ tests for identifying students in need of educational services

identify learning disabilities

determine giftedness

guide individualized education plans

assess cognitive strengths and weaknesses

standardization

process of making a test consistent and fair for everyone who takes

norming

process of establishing average scores (norms) on a test by administering it to a large, representative group of people.

percentile rank

tells you the percentage of people in a norm group who scored below a particular score.

reliability

consistency of a test — does it produce stable and consistent results over time or across different raters?

validity

Refers to whether a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure.

construct validity

type of validity that tells us whether a test truly measures the theoretical construct or trait it’s supposed to measure.

predictive validity

type of test validity that shows how well a test can predict future performance or behavior.t

test-retest reliability

measures how consistent a test’s results are over time.

split-half reliability

way to check how consistent a test is by dividing it into two equal halves and comparing the scores from each half.

factor analysis

statistical method used to identify underlying groups (factors) of related variables in a large set of data.

stereotype threat

anxiety or concern someone feels when they think they might confirm a negative stereotype about their social group, which can actually hurt their performance.

stereotype lift

It happens when people perform better because they are aware of negative stereotypes about other groups.

flynn effect

the observed rise in average IQ scores over time, across many countries and generations.

within group variation of IQ scores

differences in IQ scores among individuals within the same group

between group variation of IQ scores

average differences in IQ scores between different groups.

discriminatory uses of intelligence tests

racial segregation in school

eugenics and forced sterilization

culturally biased testing

tracking and limiting opportunity

achievement test

Measure what you’ve already learned

aptitude test

Measure your potential to learn or perform in the future

growth mindset

Belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through effort, learning, and persistence

fixed mindset

Belief that intelligence and talents are set traits — you’re either smart or you’re not.