Roots, Stems, and Leaves

Plants are....prok or eurk?

Eukaryotic

Plant tissues are made up of (different/similar) cells?

Similar

What are the 3 principal organs?

Roots, Stems, and Leave

What do Roots, Stems, and Leave function do?

Transport nutrient, protect, and coordinate actions.

3 Main Plant Tissues

dermal, vascular, ground

What is the part of a dermal cell that feels waxy?

Cuticles

What type of cells make up cuticles?

Epidermal cells

What do cuticles do?

Protect against water loss and injury

Difference between epidermal cells and endodermis?

The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells, protecting the plant from the environment, while the endodermis is an inner layer primarily in roots, regulating water and nutrient uptake into the plant's vascular system

Where is the Trichomes located?

Fuzzy, hairy, and can make sticky substance to trap insects

Where is the Trichomes located?

Fuzzy, hairy, and can make sticky substance to trap insects

Where is the stomata?

Dermal tissue

Stomata openings characteristics?

Pore-like openings, more on bottom

What do the root hair cells help?

Aid in water absorbtion

Vascular tissue have what 2 major parts?

Xylem: Water conducting tussue

Phloem: A food, sugar-conducting tissue

What are tracheids?

Cells specialized to conduct water from roots to all places in the plant. They are hollow dead cells

What do the root hair cells help?

Aid in water absorbtion

Where are Guard cells?

In the dermal tissue, help regulate stomata openings

Where is the Trichomes located?

Fuzzy, hairy, and can make sticky substance to trap insects

Where is the stomata?

Dermal tissue, more on bottom

What do guard cells do?

Help regulate stomata open and closing

What do the root hairs help with?

Aid water absorbtion

What is vascular tissue described as?

Forms a transport system where substances can be moved throughout the plant.

2 Major types of vascular tissue?

Xylem: transport water

Phloem: transport food, sugar conducting

What are tracheids?

Cells specialized to conduct water from roots to all place

What are tracheids (dead)?

They are dead, with thick cell walls, with tapered end which allow overlapping, from water conducting paths. Pores have tiney pits, allow water to pass adjacent trancheids.

What do mature tracheids lack?

Cytoplasm and a nucleous

What does the Phloem contain?

Sieve tube, and companion cells

How are phloem cells made into a tube?

Connected end to end to make the tube to help transport nutrient. Phloem transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.

What are Companion cells?

They are phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements.

What do companion cells do?

Companion cells support the phloem cells and aid in the movement of substances, moving sugars and amino acids in and out of the phloem.

What are the three main tissue systems of plants?

Parenchyma

Collengchyma

Sclernchyma

What is the purpose of parenchyma?

Help photosynthesis and gas exchange

roots aid in storage of starch, protein, fats and oils.

What is the purpose of collenchyma?

Provide support in growing shoots and leaves

Absent in roots

Living, elongated cells with thick cellulose wall

Whats in celery

Under epiderme

What is the purpose of sclerenchyma?

Principal support for cells in plant tissue

Mature ones are dead

Mature ones have thick cell wall with cellulose and lot of lignin

Cannot lonegate, occur where stopped length growth

Ex) hemp, jute, and flax. Also in Linen

Lignin + Cellulose makes what?

Strong walls

Where is the meristem?

Where new cells are made at tips of roots and stems

- produces cells by mitosis

- cluster of new cells

- new cells are called undifferentiated

What do undifferentiated cells turn into as they mature?

They go through Differentiation, and they will become these in plants:

1. Dermal tissue

2. Ground tissue

3. Vascular tussue

All of these new types of cells turn into what?

Specilized structures

Near the tip of each growing stem and root is an...What?

Apical meristem

What is a apical meristem?

An apical meristem is a group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased LENGTH of stems and roots.

What is a Lateral meristem or secondary growth?

It a group of undifferentiated cells that divide to cause an increase in stem girth ⏸️

What are the two main types of roots?

Tap-roots

Fiberous-roots

Dicots usally have what type of root?

Tap-roots

What is a characteristic of tap-roots?

The primary ones grow very long, while the secondary roots are smaller

What do tap roots store?

Water, starches, and sugar

Where are fiberous-roots found?

Monocots, but on in ecosystems: in grass

What is a characteristic of a monocot?

Fibrous roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest.

What do fiberous roots help with?

Help present top - soil erosion

Where is the Endodermis?

The inside 1 thick wall

Where is the Epidermis?

The 1 thick outside wall

Where is the cortex?

Between the Epidermis and Endodermis (major cell region)

Where is the Zone of Maturation?

Where they become diferation cells

Where is the Zone of Longation?

Where the cells grow and become longer?

Does the zone of maturation overlap with the zone of longation?

Yes

What does the apical meristem secrete, and what does it do?

It secretes a lubricant that helps the roots grow into the ground. The lubricant has a water base to it.

What does a root cap do?

Protects the root cells being made. And root in general

Transport proteins use what to get minerals into the plant from the soil?

They use a ATP pump. THIS IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT --> Takes energy

How does water get into the plant?

High concentration of ions cause water to move into the plant

Two ways water enter the plants vascular tissue?

1. Symplastic-- through the cell

2. Apoplectic--extracellular spaces along the cell wall

What is the channel in a Pymplastic way of water getting into a plant called?

Plasmodesmata— channels that allow the movement of molecules (water) between cells.

After the water and dissolved minerals pass through the cortex, where do they go next?

They enter the endodermis.

What is every cell of the endodermis lined with?

Each cell is surrounded on four sides by a waterproof strip called a Casparian strip.

What does the Casparian strip do?

The Casparian strip prevents apoplastic (around the cell wall) flow into vascular tissue

Describe the passage of minerals and water from the soil into the plant?

In through root hairs, than through epidermis, than through the cortex, than through the endodermis cell wall which has the Casparian strip, than into the vascular tissue, more speicfically the xylem because it transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves first.

Two parts of the vascular tissue?

Xylem, which transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves, and phloem, which conducts food from the leaves to all parts of the plant.

How is root pressure made?

Because water and minerals can't get through the Casparian strip, once they pass through the endodermis, they are trapped in the vascular cylinder.

Is there a one way or two way passage into the vascular tissue section of the plant?

One way because of the casparian strip

What is the starting point for movement of water through the vascular system of the entire plant?

Root pressure

What did docter smitley talk about while using a hose as an example?

He says without the casprian strip there isn't any pressure build up, so the water and minerals can't get up the stem and into the leaves, but with the pressure all of the water and minerals can get up the plant only far enough. Then thats when transportation takes place.

The major force in water transport is called?

Transpiration

How does transpirtation help the water and minerals get all the way to the leaves?

By creating a "suction" that pulls water upwards through the plant.

What is smitley's defintion for transpirtation?

Leaves sweat

Cohesion and adhesion do what for the transpiration process of getting water up to the leaves?

They help the water preform transpiration

Where does the water stick to?

The water can stick to other water molecules(cohesion) or stick to the wall(adhesion)

If the soil dries out or transpiration exceeds the delivery of water to leaves, the leaves will....

The leaves will wilt.

How much of the water in plants is used for transpirtation?

99%

What percent of water in plants is used for photo?

1%

What type of cells can regulate the opening and closing of stomata cells?

Guard cells

When there is a lot of water, what do the stomata cells do?

They are open, to get that water and potassium

When there is little water, what do the stomata cells do?

They close, and release water and potassium

What do plants put into storage in the trunk, roots or other organs?

SUGAR(food), so that the plants can pull up the sugar using the phloem can carry the sugar to other parts of the plants when they need energy to grow.

What is the main function of the phloem?

Phloem main function is to transport a sugar solution, the product of photosynthesis called phloem sap

Describe how the phloem sap goes throughout the plant?

From a sugar source (any part of plant that produces sugar from photo), than to a sugar sink or somewhere that sugar can be stored.

What happens when there is a increased amount of sugar in the phloem?

As the concentration of sugar in the phloem increased, the water from the xylem has to come over to level out the concentration. The water gets from the xylem to the phloem using osmosis.

What word describes how water moves through passive transport?

Osmosis

In which part of the plant uses active transport?

ATP pumps are used to get minerals(ions) to the inside of the plant

The increased pressure with both the water and sugar thats now in the Phloem......where is the sugar gonna go?

The sugar is likley to go to a storage place, or the sink.

What happens to the sugar sinks in the spring?

They start to empty as the phloem takes the sugar to the leaves to help jump start the leaf growing process

As winter rolls around what happens to the sugar sinks?

They get full of sugar because the plants are getting ready for the harsh winter, where they will need the sugar stored to help support them.

What is a cotyledon?

A seed leaf, the embryo of a plant

How many cotyledons do monocots have?

1 cotyledon

How many cotyledons do dicots have?

2 cotyledons

What does the cotyledon do?

Acts as the embryo, which is rich in nutrience and is used for development.

How do monocots grow?

Verticle as true leaves appear

How do dicots grow?

They have bent growth even under the soil and as they grow they become more straight

What do the leaves provide the plant with?

Nutrience, and photo

Can true leaves do photo?

Yes

Can a seed leaf do photo?

No

What is the primary root of a plant called?

Radicle