PRE AP CHEM CHEMISTRY FOR BREAKFAST
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144 Terms
Where is melatonin produced?
In the pineal gland, located in the middle of the brain.
What does melatonin regulate?
Sleep in humans and wakefulness in nocturnal animals.
What hormone helps us wake up and is known as the stress hormone?
Cortisol.
Which gland releases adrenaline?
The adrenal gland.
What does ACTH do?
Directs the fight-or-flight response, acting as a commander.
What are the side effects of adrenaline and cortisol release?
Accelerated heart rate, more blood circulation to muscles, reduced digestion, deep breathing, dilated pupils, sweating, goosebumps, heightened awareness.
How long does cortisol remain active in the body compared to adrenaline?
Cortisol stays longer.
How long does it take cortisol to assimilate in the body?
About an hour.
What is every substance on Earth made of?
Particles.
How do particles in solids behave?
They move very little.
How do particles in liquids behave?
They move more freely than in solids.
How do particles in gases behave?
They move wherever they want to.
What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
Heat always flows from hot to cold, never the other way.
What are fluorides a form of?
Fluorine.
What group does fluorine belong to?
Halogens.
What is the general rule of reactivity vs abundance?
Highly reactive elements are less common in nature.
What are atoms made of?
Protons, neutrons, electrons.
What is the charge of a proton?
Positive.
What is the charge of a neutron?
Neutral.
What is the charge of an electron?
Negative.
What determines the type of element?
The number of protons.
How are elements arranged in the periodic table?
By atomic number.
What determines the volume of an atom?
Its electron shell.
Where are valence electrons located?
Far from the nucleus.
What determines an atom’s chemical temperament?
Number of valence electrons.
What is the octet rule?
Atoms tend to have 8 electrons in their outer shell.
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion.
What is an ion?
An atom with a charge due to loss or gain of electrons.
What are polymers made of?
Monomers.
What are carbohydrates an example of?
Monomers.
What do bacteria in the mouth convert sugars into?
Acids.
What lives on human skin?
Microorganisms.
Is human skin hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Hydrophobic.
What does hydrophobic mean?
Water-hating.
What does hydrophilic mean?
Water-loving.
What is a micelle?
A structure where hydrophobic tails turn inward and hydrophilic heads face outward.
What is another name for fat?
Triglyceride.
What diseases are linked to sedentary lifestyle?
Cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancer, depression.
What are NCDs?
Non-communicable diseases.
How many people aged 30–69 die of NCDs each year?
15 million.
What percentage of global deaths are due to NCDs?
71%.
What strategies do the media use when reporting on sedentary lifestyle risks?
Eye-catching headlines.
What fraction of articles said office workers were at risk?
One quarter.
What percentage of articles emphasized exercise as individual responsibility?
90%.
What does reproducibility mean in science?
Being able to reproduce results with different participants.
What is a control trial used for in medicine?
To check results.
What effect explains much of medicine’s effectiveness?
The placebo effect.
What does blinding mean in experiments?
Participants don’t know the procedure details.
What does the broken windows theory argue?
Prevent small crimes to avoid larger ones.
What two fields form fundamental scientific understanding?
Thermodynamics and quantum physics.
What does thermodynamics state about the universe?
It must be chaotic to function.
What is air mainly composed of?
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen.
What percent of air is trace gases?
0.1%.
What part of the ear senses pressure changes?
The thin membrane (eardrum).
How does temperature affect gas volume?
Lower temp → less space; higher temp → more space.
What are the noble gases?
Helium, neon, argon, krypton, radon, oganesson.
Which noble gases are radioactive?
Radon, oganesson.
What is the octet rule also known as?
Noble gas rule.
What is a full outer shell called?
Noble gas configuration.
What gases form dimers?
Oxygen and nitrogen.
Are noble gases monomers or dimers?
Monomers.
What are noble gases used for?
Inert gases.
What are the three main areas of chemistry?
Organic, inorganic, physical.
What does physical chemistry include?
Thermodynamics and quantum mechanics.
What does organic chemistry study?
Carbon, its compounds and reactions.
What does inorganic chemistry study?
All elements except carbon.
What are rare earths also called?
Lanthanides.
Give examples of rare earths.
Scandium, yttrium, terbium.
What is one modern use of rare earths?
Green tech like solar cells and wind power.
What is potassium?
An alkali metal.
What charge is the cathode?
Positive.
What charge is the anode?
Negative.
What is the anode made of in lithium-ion batteries?
Graphite.
What is the cathode made of in lithium-ion batteries?
Lithium cobalt oxide.
What happens at the anode?
Oxidation.
What happens at the cathode?
Reduction.
What speeds up chemical reactions?
High temperatures.
What hormone affects mood?
Serotonin.
What are neurotransmitters?
Messenger substances.
What molecule signals tiredness?
Adenosine.
What is the body’s unit of energy?
ATP.
What process checks research quality before publishing?
Peer review.
What is oxidation?
Reaction involving oxygen.
What happens when fats oxidize?
They turn rancid and inedible.
What family do enzymes belong to?
Proteins.
What suffix do enzyme names often end with?
-ase.
What is the role of enzymes?
Catalyze and regulate body functions.
What obstructs many enzymes?
Acid.
What are the three types of chemical bonds?
Ionic, covalent, metallic.
What is always exchanged/shared in bonds?
Electrons.
How do ionic bonds work?
One atom gives electrons to another.
Why are ionic bonds unbalanced?
They move in all directions due to charge differences.
How do covalent bonds work?
Electrons are shared.
Give examples of covalent bond compounds.
Melatonin, adrenaline, caffeine, adenosine, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid.
Which element mainly forms covalent bonds?
Carbon.
How do atomic (covalent) bonds behave?
In one direction only.
How do metallic bonds work?
Electrons are free, not bound to atoms.
Why are metals good conductors?
Free electrons conduct current.
Why are metals easy to deform?
Free electrons allow malleability.
What causes odors?
Volatile molecules.