Speech Disorders QUIZ 1

Anatomy

study of structures of the body and relationship of the structures

Physiology

study of the functions of organisms and bodily structures

Subsystems of Speech (commonly 3 or 5)

• Respiratory System

• Laryngeal/Phonatory System

• Articulatory/Resonatory

• (Prosody also commonly listed, but not in book)

Respiratory System

driving force for speech via positive air pressure beneath vocal folds

Larygneal System

vocal folds vibrate at high speeds

Articulatory/Resonatroy

acoustic filter that allows certain frequencies to pass while blocking others

Respiratory System’s primary biological functions

breathing

ventilation

speech production

What are the organs and structures responsible for breathing called?

pulmonary apparatus

pulmonary apparatus

lungs - pair of air filled sacs elastic that change size and shape to allow us to breathe

trachea - air moves into lungs via trachea and branches

pulmonary airways

Chest wall (thorax)

• Rib cage

• Abdominal wall

• Abdominal content

• Diaphragm

Lungs

pair of air filled sacs elastic that change size and shape to allow us to breath

Trachea

air moves into lungs via trachea and branches

Chest Wall (Thorax) Components

• Rib cage

• Abdominal wall

• Abdominal content

• Diaphragm

Muscles of Respiratory System

Inspiratory Muscles

Expiratory Muscles

Inspiratory Muscles

• Diaphragm

• many Thoracic and Neck muscles

Expiratory Muscles

Most important muscles: located anterior and lateral to the the abdomen

Assist diaphragm’s movement back to its relaxed, dome-shape

• Other muscles may be used depending on body position, pathological state, and environmental conditions

Resting Tidal Breathing

duration of inspiration and expiration is relatively equal

the normal, quiet breathing when you are at rest

Resting Tidal Inspiration (what happens?)

diaphragm contracts

rib cage and lungs expand

lung volume increases

alveolar pressure drops

• Causes air to rush in and equalize with atmospheric pressure

Resting Tidal Expiration (what happens?)

decreases size of rib cage wall

compression of lungs

increase in pressure in lungs

air rushes out to achieve equilibrium w/ atmospheric pressure

• Does not require active muscle contraction

A respiratory cycle is…

one inhalation and one exhalation

Speech Breathing

Contraction of diaphragm leads to rapid, forceful inspiration

Inspirations are much shorter than expiration

inspired air is greater than during resting tidal

Inspiratory and expiratory muscles are both activated during speech

Thoracic Muscles (anterior view)

sternocleidomastoid

scalenes

pectoralis major

pectoralis minor

serratus anterior muscle

External oblique

internal oblique

transversus abdominus

abdominal aponeurosis

rectus abdominis

Laryngeal system primary bio function

Prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea and lungs

• can impound air for forceful expulsion of foreign objects threatening lower airways (coughing)

Structures of Laryngeal System

Larynx

Thyroid Cartilage

Thyroid Prominence

Vocal Folds

Glottis

Larynx

Air valve composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissue

Main sound generator for speech

• Sits on top of the trachea and opens into the pharynx

• suspended from the hyoid bone (hyoid = point of attachment for laryngeal/tongue muscles)

Thyroid Cartilage

Largest laryngeal cartilage

Forms front and sides of laryngeal skeleton and protects inner components of larynx

Thyroid Prominence

“Adam’s apple”; just below the thyroid notch

Vocal Folds

Attached in front to the middle of the thyroid cartilage and in back to the arytenoid cartilages through the vocal ligament

• Abduct = respiration

• adduct = phonation

Glottis

space between vocal folds

Muscles of Larynx

Thyroarytenoid muscle

Cricoarytenoid muscle

Lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid muscles

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Thyroarytenoid muscle

Bulk of each vocal fold

Contraction shortens and thickens the vocal folds

Cricoarytenoid muscle

Stiffens and lengthens the vocal folds, increases pitch

Lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid muscles

Contraction results in vocal fold adduction (bringing vocal folds together)

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Primary muscle of vocal fold abduction

Larynx is _____ in neck of newborns, and reaches final position between _____ years of age

small and high

10-20 years

Laryngeal Issues of Laryngeal System

• Cartilage: Gets larger and less flexible

• Vocal folds: Get longer; changes differ between males and females

• Female cartilage: Does not fully harden/ossify

• Vocal folds with age: Atrophy and lose elasticity

• Men: Pitch tends to increase

• Women: Pitch tends to decrease, partly due to hormonal changes

Articulatory/Resonance System

Vocal tract is a resonant acoustic tube

• Shapes sound energy produced by respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds

articulatory-resonance system is composed of:

nasal cavity

oral cavity

pharyngeal cavity

The oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities form the…

vocal tract

Articulatory System Structures

• facial and crianial bones

• mandible

• teeth

• tongue

Nasal Cavity Parts

maxilla

Eustachian tube

velum

Oral Cavity Parts

maxilla

lips

velum

mandible

tongue

Epiglottis (not technically in oral cavity, but key for protecting airway during swallowing)

Pharyngeal Cavity Parts

Eustachian tube (shows boundary between nasal and pharyngeal)

epiglottis

vocal folds, larynx

esophagus

pharyngeal wall (posterior of pharyngeal cavity)

how many bones in the facial skeleton and cranium?

22

• 8 cranial, 14 facial

The mandible articulates with…

the temporal bone by the temporomandibular joint

Maxilla (Hard Palate) Parts

Incisive foramen

longitudinal fissure

bony hard palate

posterior nasal spine

• (don’t need to know teeth!)

Teeth

Adults have 32 teeth in alveolar processes of the mandible and maxilla

Hard palate is composed of the horizontal bones of the maxilla

Tongue

Muscular hydrostat

Structural support through contraction of muscles and has a soft skeleton of connective tissue

Skull bones/parts

• coronal suture

• frontal bone

• parietal bone

• temporal bone

• occipital bone

• greater wing of sphenoid

• zygomatic arch

• zygomatic bone

• condylar process

• maxilla

• mastoid

• temporomandiubular joint

• mandible

• styloid process

• alveolar process

Parts of tongue

• tip

• blade

• dorsum

• body

• root

the tongue is a…

muscular hydrostat

muscular hydrostat (def)

no cartilage or bone

• has a soft skeleton of connective tissue

• structural support comes from muscle contraction

Velum

Also called the soft palate

Located in the pharynx

Uvula: Termination of the velum

Velopharyngeal closure

VP Closure

Contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls

good VP closure = keeps liquid out of nose

Velar Elevation

prevents air or food escaping through the nose

builds up air pressure for production of pressure sounds

• Air that escapes through the nose during speech = nasal quality

Soft Palate/Uvula view

hard palate

velum

anterior faucial pillar (important for swallowing stage 2)

back wall of oropharynx

tongue

Bones of the skull reach adult size by ____

age 8

Newborns have ___ separate skull bones that fuse into ___ at adulthood

45; 22

Lower facial bones reach adult size at about ___ years

18

Dentition emerges at about ____ and is complete around____

6 months; 3 years

Secondary dentition is complete around ___

18 years

A newborn’s tongue occupies…

most of the oral cavity

Tongue reaches adult size by about

16 years

By ___, infants can inconsistently close the ____ for syllable productions

2 months; veloppharynx

VP closure becomes consistent between

6 months and 3 yrs

Aging has _____ on velopharyngeal function for speech

minimal impact

Length and volume of oral cavity increases

• Influences the overall resonant characteristics

  • Lowers the frequencies at which the vocal tract naturally resonates

Speech production process begins with ____

phonation

Speech Production Process in order

phonation

• Air pressure builds up below the closed vocal folds.

• Air pushes the vocal folds apart starting at the lower edges.

• The upper edges then move apart.

• The vocal folds’ elasticity pulls them back together, causing them to collide

Pressure → Folds open → Folds close/collide → Sound

Fundamental Frequency

Number of cycles of vocal fold vibration per second (lowest sound prodcued)

Harmonics

Whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency

Movement of the tongue, lips, and larynx change the shape of the vocal tract and modify sound

Speech Production process pictures

arrows = air pressure

Speech frequency charts (read over)

increase by 200

top chart = tongue and pitch (tongue height, how far forward tongue is)

bottom chart = voice alone

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain and spinal chord

encased in bone

• descending motor tracts send EFFERENT info (from brain to body)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

nerve tract that connect the rest of the body to CNS

encased in soft tissue

• ascending sensory tracts send AFFERENT info (from body to brain)

3 Gross divisions of brain

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla)

Cerebrum

made of ridges and valleys

rests on top of brainstem/cerebellum

originating our highest/most complex cognitive functions

cerebral cortex

• CENTRAL SULCUS

• PRECENTRAL GYRUS

Precentral Gyrus

motor function

Postcentral Gyrus

sensory/tactile info

lateral sulcus/fissure

Cerebral Meninges

DAP

dura, arachnoid, pia

dura mater

dense protective tissue layer

arachnoid mater

contains vascular supply to surface of brain

looks like spiderweb/ceran wrap

Pia mater

most delicate innermost meningeal layer

cerebral spinal fluid travels here to nourish the brain (glial cells come out and clean brain)

Cerebrospinal fluid system

is nutrive

helps suspend brain (like a freshwater lake and brain is boat, makes less heavy)

helps protect brain from trauma

Cerebrospinal fluid

housed in ventricles in the brain

delivers nutrients, removes waste

produced in choroid plexus

Grey Matter

unmyelinated neurons

“houses”

processes and regulates info in the CNS

found in the cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, and spinal chord

White Matter

HEAVILY MYELINATED

“cable” (connects you to TV)

axons of neurons covered in a white sheath of a protein and fatty substance called myelin

Connects different areas/structures of the nervous system to one another and allows them to communicate

Association fibers

Connects different structures/areas

same hemisphere

“small”

Commissural fibers

Connects analogous areas (similar structures btwn 2 hemispheres)

“medium”

Projection fibers

connects brain to spinal chord

Project from

Transmit motor movements from

transmit sensory signals from

“large”

Longitudinal Fissure

divides brain into left and right halves

runs from front to back along brain

Corpus Callosum

connects the right and left hemispheres through white matter

located at the base of the cerebral hemispheres

Each hemisphere is responsible for different _____ functions

cognitive and motor functions (but both are interconnected)

Frontal Lobe Functions

Expressive language - Broca’s

Personality and memory = prefrontal cortex

Motor Movement = primary motor cortex (motor strip)

left primary motor cortex issues

damage near base of motor strip often creates apraxia of speech

Motor Homunculus (Frontal Lobe)

Representation of the amount of surface area within the motor strip dedicated to the control of each body part

More surface area is dedicated to parts with fine motor movement than gross motor movement

Parietal

sensory in nature

• Primary sensory cortex

Primary Sensory Cortex (sensory strip)

First gyrus of parietal lobes

Receives tactile/proprioceptive information

• Left sensory cortex receives sensory info from

• Right sensory cortex receives sensory info from

Sensory Humunculus

Representation of amount of cortical surface area within primary sensory cortex dedicated to each body part

more surface area is dedicated to body parts that have more sensory receptors than others with fewer sensory receptors

Temporal Lobe