Vitamins - Fill-in-the-Blank Flashcards

A set of fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering key fat- and water-soluble vitamins, their functions, sources, deficiencies, and related disorders from the lecture notes.

Vitamins are __ organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body, must be ingested.

unrelated

Water soluble vitamins are readily excreted in __.

urine

Fat soluble vitamins are released, absorbed and transported in dietary fat via __.

chylomicrons

Fat soluble vitamins are not readily __.

excreted

Fat soluble vitamins include vitamins __, A, D, and E.

K

Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the __.

B complex

Vitamin K is responsible for posttranslational modifications (carboxylation) of __.

proteins

Vitamin K is required for formation of blood clotting factors including prothrombin, factor VII, factor IX, and __.

X

Sources of Vitamin K include cabbage, kale, spinach, egg yolk and liver; some __ from intestinal microbiota.

synthesized

Newborns lack intestinal flora so recommendations advise a single injection of __.

vitamin K

Warfarin inhibits vitamin K epoxide __.

reductase

Vitamin A major functions include maintenance of vision, regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and __ metabolism.

lipid

Absorption of Vitamin A requires and pancreatic enzymes.

bile

Vitamin A is released from liver binding retinol binding protein and __.

transthyretin

Vitamin A acts on cells via binding receptor as retinoic acid and acting as a __.

transcription factor

The earliest sign of Vitamin A deficiency is impaired __.

vision

Vitamin A toxicity: avoid use of retinoids for acne in __ women.

pregnant

Vitamin D active form is __.

calcitriol

Vitamin D main role is to regulate serum calcium and phosphorus levels and it increases uptake of Ca2+ in the __.

intestine

Sunlight modifies 7-Dehydrocholesterol to form cholecalciferol in dermis and epidermis where it is then transported to the __.

liver

Vitamin D deficiency results in demineralization of bone called in children.

rickets

Vitamin D deficiency results in demineralization of bone called in adults.

osteomalacia

Vitamin E functions as an __ to prevent oxidation by free radicals.

antioxidant

Vitamin C is a reducing agent and coenzyme in hydroxylation reactions (i.e., ).

collagen

Vitamin C deficiency causes _.

scurvy

Vitamin B1/ Thiamine functions as a coenzyme in the __.

thiamine pyrophosphate

Thiamine deficiency leads to decreased production.

ATP

Beriberi is thiamine deficiency in populations that eat a diet that is .

carb rich

Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome occurs in chronic due to poor diet and impaired absorption of thiamine.

alcoholism

Vitamin B2/ Riboflavin has two biologically active forms: FMN and .

FAD

Riboflavin deficiency symptoms include dermatitis, cheilosis, glossitis, and eyes.

itchy and burning

Vitamin B3/ Niacin forms and .

NAD+ and NADP+

Pellagra is a niacin deficiency with the 3 Ds: dermatitis, , and dementia.

diarrhea

Hartnup disorder results in Pellagra-like symptoms due to deficiency in absorption.

tryptophan

Niacin treatment for hyperlipidemia reduces VLDL and LDL, but high doses cause prostaglandin-mediated flushing often mitigated by __.

aspirin

Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme .

CoA

Vitamin B6 has PLP as a cofactor in __ reactions.

transaminase

Vitamin B6 deficiency can occur in newborns, women on oral contraceptives, and alcoholics; it results in anemia.

hypochromic microcytic

Vitamin B7 Biotin functions as a coenzyme in reactions.

carboxylation

Vitamin B9 Folic acid is converted to THF, the active form that transfers one-carbon intermediates in the synthesis of and .

nucleotides and amino acids

Folic acid deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia due to decreased synthesis.

purine

Vitamin B12 is required for remethylation of homocysteine to .

methionine

Vitamin B12 is produced by and obtained from animal-derived foods.

microorganisms

Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to pernicious .

anemia

Folate trap occurs when THF is trapped as N5-methyl-THF, preventing THF from synthesis.

nucleotide