Chapter 28: Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt (1901-1912)

Social Gospel

Religious movement in late 19th and early 20th centuries, advocating for the application of Christian principles to social and economic problems

Christians, reform

The Social Gospel urged ? to work for ?

• this addressed issues like poverty, inequality, and labor rights

  • religion as a force for change

societal, fortunate, Progressive Era, profession

The Social Gospel promoted the improvement of the ? conditions of the less ?

• this helped shape the ? and establish social work as an actual ?

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists during the Progressive Era who exposed corruption, social injustices, and big businesses

corruption, monopolies, working, unsafe

Muckrakers typically focused on issues such as political ?, ? over industries, unsafe ? conditions, and ? food regulations

public awareness, filth

Muckrakers were extremely important in raising ?

• wrote in newspapers, magazines, and books

  • named by Theodore Roosevelt for being journalists who “raked up” the ? of society

Ida Tarbell

Pioneering investigative journalist and leading muckraker during the Progressive Era

• most well known for exposing Standard Oil

Standard Oil, change

Ida Tarbell is probably most famous for helping in the breakup of ?, demonstrating that muckraking could bring about actual ?

• she was also a women’s suffrage advocator

methodical, interviews

Ida Tarbell’s investigative style inspired more journalists to follow her ? thinking

• used factually true evidence

• utilized numerous ?

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the U.S. known for his robust personality and progressive policies

• reformists and anti-trustee

business, natural resources, global

Theodore Roosevelt sought to regulate big ? and conserve ? while also building America’s ? strength

• supported the construction of the Panama Canal

parks, anti-trust, labor

Theodore Roosevelt established national ? and many ? laws

• would also make reforms in ? for workers

Initiative Referendum Recall

Progressive-era reforms designed to give voters more power over the government

citizens, legislation, laws

Initiative Referendum and recall allowed ? to directly propose ?, approve or reject ?, and remove elected officials from office

democracy, people

Initiative Referendum and Recall gave rise to more direct forms of ? and allowed America to get closer to the idea of “We the ?”

Muller v. Oregon

Landmark Supreme Court Case that upheld state laws setting a max of 10 hours a day for female labor

gentle, mothers, stereotypes

Muller v Oregon assumed that woman were to ? to be working too much and needed to stick to being ? in society

• while it did legitimize labors laws for women and children, it fed into gender ?

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt’s Domestic Program that focused on three main areas

• called the “Square” deal because it was meant to make America more fair

natural resources, bad corporations, consumerism

Roosevelt’s Square Deal dealt with the

• conservation of ?

• control of ?

• protection of ?

fair, wealth, mediator

Roosevelt’s Square Deal was made to ensure the average American had a ? chance to succeed

• opposed concentrations of ?

• demonstrated the belief that the government was the great ? to ensure fairness in America

Elkins Act of 1903

Significant piece of legislation that aimed at curbing railroad abuse

• ending the abuse that started earlier in the late 19th century

discriminatory, lower, preferred, standardize, publish

The Elkins Act of 1903 targeted ? practices that allowed railroads to ? rates to ? customers

• law requires these railroad companies now ? and ? their rates

Interstate Commerce Commission, regulation

The Elkins Act of 1903 was enforced by the ?

• laid the groundwork for federal ? over transportation

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Landmark reform in the Progressive Era aimed at ensuring food and drug safety

• passed after Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exposing of the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry

meat, health

The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 required ? products be inspected for ? standards before being sold

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1907

A landmark reform in the Progressive Era that prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded food and drugs

Food and Drug Administration, consumer

The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1907 laid the foundation for the creation of the ? (FDA)

• part of a significant shift towards government intervention in ? protection

Hetch Hetchy Valley Controversy

Controversy over a heated debate over the construction of a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in California’s Yosemite National Park

water, San Francisco, John Muir, environment

Theodore Roosevelt supported the Hetch Hetchy dam project as it was a necessary source of ? for the city of ?

• conservationists such as ? opposed the dam because they thought it would destroy the ?

conservation, utilitarian

The Hetch Hetchy Valley Controversy represented a turning point in the history of the American ? movement

• beginning of more ? approach to national parks

Roosevelt Panic of 1907

Financial crisis that occurred during Theodore Roosevelt’s Presidency

• triggered by bank failures and stock market crashes

  • also speculative investments

aggressive, busting, intervene

Roosevelt’s reputation for ? trust-? and antitrust policies were partly blamed for the Roosevelt Panic of 1907

• regardless, Roosevelt ensured the public that the government would ? to stabilize the financial system

reforms, Reserve

The Roosevelt Panic of 1907 was short-lived, but highlighted the need for further financial ?

• led to the eventual creation of the Federal ? in 1913 with Woodrow Wilson

William Taft

27th President of the United States, succeeding Theodore Roosevelt

• diverged from Roosevelt in many ways

  • more conservative in reforms

  • handled tariffs against Roosevelt’s old ways

  • considered all trusts the same, no bad or good ones

Payne-Aldrich, progressives, Republican

William Taft supported the ? Tariff which significantly reduced his popularity with ?

• continued antitrust initiatives and helped dissolve Standard Oil

• lost support from within the ? party

  • his inability to maintain the party led to the Bull Moose Party

Dollar Diplomacy

A foreign policy strategy used by President William Taft in order to advance U.S. interests in Latin America and East Asia

investments, loans, military, influence

The Dollar Diplomacy strategy saw the use of of economic ? and ? rather than ? intervention in order to establish American ?

stabilize, business

The Dollar Diplomacy was utilized to ? regions by promoting American ?

• benefited both countries

• expanded American influence greatly

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Tariff passed during William Taft’s presidency that intended to lower tariffs on imported goods, yet ended up raising rates on certain items

progressives, Republican, conservatives

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff disappointed many ? and led to the splitting of the ? Party

• the tariff was supported by ?

political, Bull Moose

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff significantly weakened Taft’s ? standing and led to the formation of the ? Party

• deepened the rift between Taft and Roosevelt and overall parties in general

Bull Moose Party

Third-party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 following a split with President William Taft

• Roosevelt and his followers were unhappy with Taft’s conservative practices

New Nationalism, progressive, Woodrow Wilson

The Bull Moose Party ran on a strong concept of ?

• precursor to modern ? movements within the Democratic Party

• Bull Moose helped split up the votes in favor of the Democrats, leading to ? becoming president

New Nationalism

The platform the Bull Moose Party was based on which advocated for a strong federal government that could

• regulate the economy

• protect workers

• promote social justice

inequalities, labor, environment

New Nationalism saw an advocacy towards combating economic ?, improving ? conditions, and protecting the ?

• attracted support from urban workers, intellectuals, and reformers

New Freedom

A platform promoted by Woodrow Wilson during the 1912 presidential election

government, monopolies, economic

New Freedom called for the ? intervention in the economy

• breaking up ? to restore competition

• end big businesses extreme wealth

• open up ? opportunities

progressive, tariffs, trust

New Freedom saw a shift towards ? reforms

• also lowered ?

• passed anti-? laws

Federal Reserve

New Freedom played a big role in creating the ? in order to regulate the banking system