WHAP Chapter 14 Vocab: Islam and Muslim Empires

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34 Terms

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Abbasid Dynasty

From 750-1258 this was the 3rd dynasty of the Islamic Caliphate. They built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphate.

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Vizier

-a high government official in ancient Egypt or in Muslim countries

-the right-hand man to the caliph

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Seljuk Turks

-nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader

-they governed strictly

-attacked Byzantines and conquered Jerusalem

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Mamluks

-Muslim slave warriors

-established a dynasty in Egypt

- defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance

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Cordoba

-capital of Muslim Spain (al-Andalus)

-an economic center

-hundreds of workshops

-culture and learning flourished there

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Battle of Tours

(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe

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Muhammad

the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)

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Bedouins

small groups of nomadic people in Arabia

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Polygyny

having more than one wife at a time

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Allah

Islamic God

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Mecca

-City in western Arabia

-birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad

-ritual center of the Islamic religion

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Quaran

the sacred text of Islam

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Medina

-also known as Yathrib

-City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.

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Hegira

Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina

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Ka'aba

The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca

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People of the Book

what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one God

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Five Pillars of Islam

true Muslims were expected to follow this principle of Salvation:

-belief in Allah

-pray 5 times a day

-giving of alms

- fasting during Ramadan

-pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

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Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

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Ramadan

the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.

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Shariah

- a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death

- it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives

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Abu Bakr

first caliph after death of Muhammad

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Caliph

successor to Muhammad as political and religious leader of the Muslims

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Ali

-the fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites

-Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin

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Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.

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Shias

Followers of Islam who believe leaders of Islam were descendants of Muhammad

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Dar al-Islam

an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

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Ummayad Dynasty

Arabic dynasty, with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east

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Imam

the person who leads prayers in a mosque.

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Dhows

Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.

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Averroes

-Spanish-Arabian philosopher and doctor

-wrote commentaries on Aristotle

-emphasized the compatibility of faith and reason

- said philosophical knowledge was derived from reason

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female infanticide

the intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and from the low value associated with the birth of females

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Dowries

property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage

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Hijab

A head covering worn in public by some Muslim women.

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Sufis

Muslim mystics who seek communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals