Habitat Exam 2 Review

passive

___________ monitoring approach: simple data collection to detect trends

active

__________ monitoring approach: data collection with clear objectives to improve management and expand knowledge (part of the adaptive management cycle)

true

(true or false) James D. Nichols and Byron K. Williams argue that monitoring should be an active purposeful process

Census data

complete survey of an entire population; best case scenario, easy to understand, often cost prohibitive

estimate

an approximation of the true population calculated from a sample; requires statistics and interpretation can be complicated

accurate

measurement is one whose value is close to the true value

precise

measurement is one that lies close to the average of a large number of samples; measure of repeatability is often preferred

standard deviation

a measure of the spread of data points within a dataset, indicating average distance if individual data points from the datasets mean

Confidence Interval

95% ________ __________: range of values that likely contains the true population parameter with 95% confidence

frequency

proportion of units where a species occurs in terms of vegetation

density

the number of objects per unit area in terms of vegetation

cover

a method of vegetation monitoring in which vertical and horizontal aspects can be measured through the use of quadrats, line intercepts, line-point intercepts, densiometers, remote sensing, and basal area

biomass

a method of vegetation monitoring that serves as an indicator of forage availability measured through the acquisition of clippings and dry mass, visual estimation, and different indices

visual obstruction

a method of vegetation monitoring that is generally used as an indicator of cover and is measure using density boards, or robel poles

vegetation height

a method of vegetation monitoring in which clinometers, tape, and LIDAR can be used to measure canopy habitat

sampling fruits

a measure of food availability that allows you to estimate species diversity; hard and soft mast

habitat quality

the contribution of resources to population persistence in a given area for a length of time

demographic rates

population size, litter size, reproductive frequency, age classes, life span, etc.; can be at local or global scales; directly related to fitness and permits reliable comparisons of habitat quality without requiring many assumptions

ecological succession

a natural process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time

primary succession

when organisms populate an area for the first time; takes longer because the base is bare rock

secondary succession

where a biological community previously existed but was removed or disrupted by a disturbance, soil is already present; much faster than primary succession

successional models

a representation of ecological processes and interactions used to understand, predict, or simulate the dynamics of ecosystems

clementsian

__________ successional model: a linear process that begins in a seral community and ends with a singular climax community

false

(true or false) the Clementsian model is not too simplistic and properly takes into account the introduction of alien species, changes in the fire regime, and weather variations

seral stage

intermediate stage found in ecological succession in an ecosystem advancing towards its climax community

climax community

the most desirable or historical community in the end; a community during ecological succession that has reached a steady state; constrained by physical and cultural factors

gleasonian

___________ successional model: An individualistic approach – species distributions are defined by individual environmental factors, communities are random artifacts of juxtaposed distributions; pure chaos

state-and-transition

_________________ successional model: Identify the patterns and mechanisms of disturbance that drive ecological change; often portrayed in 3D

ecological site

A type of land defined by its unique combination of soil, climate, topography, and vegetation potential, which determines how it responds to management and natural disturbance

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

predicts that the highest diversity will occur at levels of moderate disturbance

small intestine

basic to neutral environment (bile), many enzymes from pancreas and liver digest all food types; main region where absorption of food takes place; comprised of the duodenum, jejunum, & ileum

duodenum

a part of the small intestine where all food types are digested

jejunum

a part of the small intestine where fat digestion and absorption of all food types occurs

ileum

a part of the small intestine where vitamins, bile salts, and all food types are absorbed

cecum

offshoot pouch from beginning of the large intestine; Contains bacteria that helps break down cellulose

large intestine

water absorption and fecal waste elimination

liver

important to digestion not technically part of alimentary canal; Filters blood from digestive tract and detoxifies

cellulolytic enzymes

cellulose-splitting enzymes required to digest cellulose; not produced by mammals but instead rely on symbiotic microorganisms within the alimentary canal

hind-gut fermentation

monogastric system; a form of digestion occurring in the cecum and colon; simple, single-chambered stomach; less efficient, but fast

foregut fermentation

rumination; a form of digestion occurring in the stomach; highly efficient, but slow