Biol 226 Exam #4

what two hormones come from the stomach?

gastrin and gastric somatostatin

what is the source of gastrin?

stomach

what is the target area of gastrin?

stomach

what is the target area of gastric somatostatin?

stomach

what is the action of gastrin?

stimulates gastric secretory activity, increases gastric motility (movement)

what is the action of gastric somatostatin?

inhibits gastric secretory activity, stimulates insulin release

what four hormones do the small intestine produce?

Cholecystokinin (CCK), Intestinal Gastrin, Intestinal Somatostatin, and Secretin

what is the source of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

Small Intestine

what is the source of Intestinal Gastrin?

Small Intestine

what is the source of Intestinal Somatostatin?

Small Intestine

what is the source of Secretin?

Small Intestine

what are the targets of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

stomach, pancreas, and gall bladder

what is the target of Intestinal Gastrin?

Stomach

what is the target of Intestinal Somatostatin?

Stomach

what is the target of Secretin?

Pancreas

what is the action of Cholecystokinin (CCK) in the stomach?

Inhibits gastric secretory activity

what is the action of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the pancreas?

stimulates enzyme release

what is the action of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the gall bladder?

stimulates bile release

what is the action of Intestinal Gastrin?

Stimulates gastric secretory activity

what is the action of Intestinal Somatostatin?

Inhibits gastric secretory activity

what is the action of secretin?

stimulates bicarbonate release

what enzyme does saliva produce?

salivary amylase

what is the source for salivary amylase?

saliva

what is a substrate?

a molecule acted upon by an enzyme

what are the substrates of salivary amylase?

starch and glycogen

what is the product of salivary amylase after its substrates?

Disaccharides (Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose)

what two enzymes does the stomach produce?

Pepsin and gastric lipase

what is the source of pepsin?

stomach - released in inactive form

what is the source of gastric lipase?

stomach

what are the substrates of pepsin?

proteins

what are the substrates of gastric lipase?

lipids

what is the product of pepsin after its substrates?

polypeptides

what is the product of gastric lipase after its substrates?

Fatty acids

what enzymes does the pancreas produce?

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and nucleases

what is the source of pancreatic amylase?

pancreas

what is the source of pancreatic lipase?

pancreas

what is the source of trypsin?

pancreas - released in inactive form

what is the source of chymotrypsin?

pancreas - released in inactive form

what is the source of carboxypeptidase?

pancreas - released in inactive form

what is the source of aminopeptidase?

pancreas - released in inactive form

what is the source of nucleases?

pancreas

what are the substrates of pancreatic amylase?

Starch and Glycogen

what is the substrate of pancreatic lipase?

Lipids

what are the substrates of trypsin?

polypeptides

what are the substrates of chymotrypsin?

polypeptides

what are the substrates of carboxypeptidase?

polypeptides

what are the substrates of aminopeptidase?

polypeptides

what are the substrates of nucleases?

Nucleic acids

what is the product of pancreatic amylase after its substrates?

Disaccharides (Sucrose, Lactose, and Maltose)

what is the product of pancreatic lipase after its substrates?

fatty acids, glycerol

what is the product of trypsin after its substrates?

peptides

what is the product of chymotrypsin after its substrates?

peptides

what is the product of carboxypeptidase after its substrates?

amino acids, peptides

what is the product of aminopeptidase after its substrates?

amino acids, peptides

what is the product of nucleases after its substrates?

nucleotide

what enzyme do the cells of the intestinal mucosa produce?

Enterokinase, peptidase, dipeptidase, tripeptidase, sucrase, lactase, maltase, intestinal lipase

what is the source of enterokinase?

cells of intestinal mucosa

what is the source of peptidase?

cells of intestinal mucosa

what is the source of dipeptidase?

cells of intestinal mucosa

what is the source of tripeptidase?

cells of intestinal mucosa

what is the source of sucrase?

cells of intestinal mucosa

what is the source of lactase?

cells of intestinal mucosa

what is the source of maltase?

cells of intestinal mucosa

what is the source of intestinal lipase?

cells of intestinal mucosa

what is the substrate from enterokinase?

trypsinogen

what is the substrate from peptidase?

peptides

what is the substrate from dipeptidase?

dipeptides

what is the substrate from tripeptidase?

tripeptides

what is the substrate from sucrase?

sucrose

what is the substrate from lactase?

lactose

what is the substrate from maltase?

maltose

what is the substrate from intestinal lipase?

triglycerides

what is the product of enterokinase after its substrates?

converts trypsinogen into active trypsin

what is the product of peptidase after its substrates?

amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides

what is the product of dipeptidase after its substrates?

individual amino acids

what is the product of tripeptidase after its substrates?

individual amino acids

what is the product of sucrase after its substrates?

glucose and fructose

what is the product of maltase after its substrates?

two molecules of glucose

what is the product of lactase after its substrates?

glucose, galactose

what is the product if intestinal lipase after its substrates?

glycerol and fatty acids

what is mechanical digestion?

breaking something down into smaller pieces, not altering chemical structure

what is chemical digestion?

a chemical reaction breaks down food

what is necessary for chemical digestion?

an enzyme

where does chemical digestion happen in the digestive system?

every part

what is secretion?

things move from inside the cell to outside the cell

what is absorption?

things move from outside the cell to inside the cell

what is the alimentary canal?

tube from mouth to esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

what are the accessory organs to digestion?

salivary glands, liver (for bile), and pancreas

what do goblet cells secrete?

mucus

where is the highest density of goblet cells?

large intestine

what is the job of the large intestine

absorb water

what are the finger like projections in the large intestine called?

villi

describe the mucosa layer of the alimentary canal wall:

lines the lumen, tissue types can vary (esophagus - stratified squamous epithelial, stomach - simple columnar epithelium)

describe the submucosa layer of the alimentary canal wall:

where the blood vessels are found, also gives some structure to organs

describe the muscularis externa layer of the alimentary canal wall:

smooth muscle, longitudinal and circular, important to push things and for movement

describe the serosa of the alimentary canal wall?

outermost layer (aka visceral peritoneum) covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

describe sphincters:

encountered when we go from one organ to another, ring of circular muscle that helps control when things move from organ to organ (can completely close off an organ)

describe autonomic innervation:

talked to by both sympathetic and parasympathetic (dual innervated)

what does the sympathetic nervous system do for digestion?

inhibits/discourages activity (don’t need to digest food during fight or flight)

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do for digestion?

promotes/encourages activity