Social developments under Nicholas II

What became more prominent under Nicholas II?

* The middle class

Who stayed to take larger role in the Zemstva ?

Middle classes

Why did the middle class generally oppose the Tsar?

They had a lack of representation

What did the urban population increase to, from 1967 to 1917?

7 million→ 28 million

By 1914, what percentage of the population were factory workers ?

10%

Why did workers suffer?

Working/living conditions

What percentage of rented houses in St.Petersburg had no running water ?

40%

Why did the workers still suffer despite economic growth ?

They didn’t benefit from industrialisation

What percentage of women made up the work force in 1914?

20% + lowest paid

What was introduced for workers rights in 1886?

Employment contracts introduced

When were trade unions made legal?

1905

What were the 3 unions called that were introduced?

Zubatov trade unions

Why were the Zubatov trade unions abolished?

Organised General strike in Odessa

How many hours was the normal factory working day reduced to in 1914?

10 hours per day

How much did the urban population in Russia increase by in 1917?

Increased by 21 million (28 million in 1917)

What was there lacking?

Accommodation

How many people died of Cholera in St Petersburg 1908-09?

30,000

What percentage of people in St Petersburg and Moscow were peasant born?

75%

What increased in the workforce?

The amount of women in the workforce- paid 50% less than men

When was there an economic depression?

1900-1908

What didn’t keep up with inflation?

Wages

What legislations as enforced to help workers?

* No nighttime employment for women and children
* Contracts overseen by factory boards
* No children/women in mines
* Work hours limited to 11.5 hours in 1897
* 1903- more effective factory inspections
* 1912- sickness and accident insurance for workers

How many strikes were there in 1914?

3,500

What were workers simply concerned with?

* Better pay and conditions- not political demands

What is the most famous examples of worker unrest in 1912?

The Lena Goldfields massacre

Why did the miners of Lena goldfields go on strike?

They were given off horse meat as food

What happened to the ring leaders ?

Arrested

What happened to the 1000 workers who attempted to present a petition to the mine owners?

They were opened fire on and 500 workers were killed

What did the LenaGoldfields massacre lead to?

* Sympathetic strikes across Siberia and Russia as a whole
* 3 million workers were involved in strikes and Bolshevik influence grew

What didn’t change despite efforts of Stolypin?

The countryside

What was still used on 90% of the land?

Strip farming

What did Kulkas make use of?

* Loans form peasant banks
* Available lands

How many migrated to new farm lands in Siberia?

3\.5 mil

How did the peasants live in the countryside ?

* Illiterate peasants
* Medical care was poor
* 1/2 population was illiterate
* Many lived in basic wooden huts

How much noble land was given to peasants?

1/3

What did Nobles not have anymore?

* power
* Influence
* Money

What did the nobility continue to dominate?

Important positions in government and society

What started to grow rapidly ?

The middle class

What did the middle class play a key role in?

* The new industrial society

What was there a growing demand for?

* Skilled professionals
* Civil engineers
* Teachers
* Doctors etc

In 1914 how many doctors/teachers were there?

28,000 doctors

20,000 teachers

Who led demands for reform and democracy ?

The middle class

Why did life centred around villages weaken?

* Legal and economic ties started to break/weaken
* Redemption payments ended
* Cities grew

Who did the political groups target?

The new industrial workers- poor conditions meant many were willing to listen

What did the majority of peasants do however?

* stay in villages and little change happened

Who continued to dominate Russia?

* Elite
* Make

How many attended the Russian Congress of Women in 1908?

1000

What percentage of university students were female in 1914?

45%

What did spending on education increase to by 1914?

5 million roubles in 1896 to 82 million in 1914

What percentage of 8-11 year olds were receiving primary education in 1911?

44% (2/3 were male)

Who did secondary and higher education remain for?

The elite

How many were in university by 1914?

69,000 (small and just the elite)

Who wrote the “cherry orchard”

Chekhov

What’d id the “cherry orchard” say was now possible?

The social clime

How were books now produced?

* Mass reduced
* Cheaply- everyone had access

Which classics did people now have access to?

* War and Peace- Tolstoy
* Crime and Punishment- Dostoevsky

What was the period of relaxation of censorship and modernism under Nicolas called?

“The silver age”- cultural growth

What did the Romanovs celebrate in 1913?

Their Tercentenary (300th anniversary of them gaining power)

What happened on the Tercentenary ?

* Lavish parties
* Factories closed
* Huge crowds
* Free meals
* 2000 prisoners were given amnesty and released

What did the Tercentenary give the Tsars a false sense of?

Popularity