Studied by 31 people
What became more prominent under Nicholas II?
The middle class
Who stayed to take larger role in the Zemstva ?
Middle classes
Why did the middle class generally oppose the Tsar?
They had a lack of representation
What did the urban population increase to, from 1967 to 1917?
7 million→ 28 million
By 1914, what percentage of the population were factory workers ?
10%
Why did workers suffer?
Working/living conditions
What percentage of rented houses in St.Petersburg had no running water ?
40%
Why did the workers still suffer despite economic growth ?
They didn’t benefit from industrialisation
What percentage of women made up the work force in 1914?
20% + lowest paid
What was introduced for workers rights in 1886?
Employment contracts introduced
When were trade unions made legal?
1905
What were the 3 unions called that were introduced?
Zubatov trade unions
Why were the Zubatov trade unions abolished?
Organised General strike in Odessa
How many hours was the normal factory working day reduced to in 1914?
10 hours per day
How much did the urban population in Russia increase by in 1917?
Increased by 21 million (28 million in 1917)
What was there lacking?
Accommodation
How many people died of Cholera in St Petersburg 1908-09?
30,000
What percentage of people in St Petersburg and Moscow were peasant born?
75%
What increased in the workforce?
The amount of women in the workforce- paid 50% less than men
When was there an economic depression?
1900-1908
What didn’t keep up with inflation?
Wages
What legislations as enforced to help workers?
No nighttime employment for women and children
Contracts overseen by factory boards
No children/women in mines
Work hours limited to 11.5 hours in 1897
1903- more effective factory inspections
1912- sickness and accident insurance for workers
How many strikes were there in 1914?
3,500
What were workers simply concerned with?
Better pay and conditions- not political demands
What is the most famous examples of worker unrest in 1912?
The Lena Goldfields massacre
Why did the miners of Lena goldfields go on strike?
They were given off horse meat as food
What happened to the ring leaders ?
Arrested
What happened to the 1000 workers who attempted to present a petition to the mine owners?
They were opened fire on and 500 workers were killed
What did the LenaGoldfields massacre lead to?
Sympathetic strikes across Siberia and Russia as a whole
3 million workers were involved in strikes and Bolshevik influence grew
What didn’t change despite efforts of Stolypin?
The countryside
What was still used on 90% of the land?
Strip farming
What did Kulkas make use of?
Loans form peasant banks
Available lands
How many migrated to new farm lands in Siberia?
3.5 mil
How did the peasants live in the countryside ?
Illiterate peasants
Medical care was poor
1/2 population was illiterate
Many lived in basic wooden huts
How much noble land was given to peasants?
1/3
What did Nobles not have anymore?
power
Influence
Money
What did the nobility continue to dominate?
Important positions in government and society
What started to grow rapidly ?
The middle class
What did the middle class play a key role in?
The new industrial society
What was there a growing demand for?
Skilled professionals
Civil engineers
Teachers
Doctors etc
In 1914 how many doctors/teachers were there?
28,000 doctors
20,000 teachers
Who led demands for reform and democracy ?
The middle class
Why did life centred around villages weaken?
Legal and economic ties started to break/weaken
Redemption payments ended
Cities grew
Who did the political groups target?
The new industrial workers- poor conditions meant many were willing to listen
What did the majority of peasants do however?
stay in villages and little change happened
Who continued to dominate Russia?
Elite
Make
How many attended the Russian Congress of Women in 1908?
1000
What percentage of university students were female in 1914?
45%
What did spending on education increase to by 1914?
5 million roubles in 1896 to 82 million in 1914
What percentage of 8-11 year olds were receiving primary education in 1911?
44% (2/3 were male)
Who did secondary and higher education remain for?
The elite
How many were in university by 1914?
69,000 (small and just the elite)
Who wrote the “cherry orchard”
Chekhov
What’d id the “cherry orchard” say was now possible?
The social clime
How were books now produced?
Mass reduced
Cheaply- everyone had access
Which classics did people now have access to?
War and Peace- Tolstoy
Crime and Punishment- Dostoevsky
What was the period of relaxation of censorship and modernism under Nicolas called?
“The silver age”- cultural growth
What did the Romanovs celebrate in 1913?
Their Tercentenary (300th anniversary of them gaining power)
What happened on the Tercentenary ?
Lavish parties
Factories closed
Huge crowds
Free meals
2000 prisoners were given amnesty and released
What did the Tercentenary give the Tsars a false sense of?
Popularity
Note
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