AP Human Geography Unit 2

Demography

The composition of a particular human population

Overpopulation

When a population exceeds the countries carrying capacity

Carrying Capacity

The amount of people the country can support

Census

Data from a certain area

Population Distribution

Human factors influence population distribution. Such as preferences to natural features. People like to live near family/ friends as well as safe areas, economic opportunities, transportation, similar cultural groups and economic opportunities.

Population Density

The amount of people per land area

Arithmetic Density

Calculated by dividing a region's population by its total land area.

Physiological Density

Calculated by dividing a region's population by its amount of arable land

Agricultural Density

Calculated by dividing a region's population of farmers by its amount of arable land

Crude Birth Rate

the total number of births per 1000 people

Crude Death Rate

the total number of deaths per 1000 people over the age of 1

Natural Increase Rate

the percentage of population grows in a year

Population Growth Rate

Measurement which combines both natural increase and net migration to calculate the overall growth of a country's population

Zero Population Growth

A condition of demographic balance where the number of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines

Total Fertility Rates

the average number of children a woman is likely to have within her lifetime

Doubling Time

the amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double

Demographic Transition Model

DTM Stage 1: High Stationary

CBR: High

CDR: High

RNI: Stable, no increase

DTM Stage 2: Early Expanding

CBR: Rapidly falling

CDR: High

RNI: Rapid Increase

DTM Stage 3: Late Expanding

CBR: Slowly falling

CDR: Falling

RNI: Less rapid increase, still increasing

DTM Stage 4: Low Stationary

CBR: Low

CDR: Low

RNI: Stable, no growth, slow increase

DTM Stage 5: Declining Growth

CBR: Low

CDR: Very low

RNI: Negative, slow decline

Sex Ratio

The ratio of males to female

Maternal Mortality Rate

total number of maternal deaths due to pregnancy or childbirth per 1000 successful pregnancies/births

Infant Mortality Rate

Total number of infant deaths per 1000 live births

Dependency Ratio

Comparison of potential workforce to the "dependent population"

Elderly Support Ratio

The number of people age 15-64 per one older person aged 65 or older

Epidemiology

The study of disease and other factors related to health

ETM Stage 1

Pestilence and Famine (High CDR)

ETM Stage 2

stage of receding pandemics

ETM Stage 3

degenerative and human created diseases

ETM Stage 4

Delayed Degenerative and Emerging Infections

ETM Stage 5

Reemergence of infectious and parasitic disease

Pronatalist

Policies that are designed to encourage large family sizes to increase the rate of population growth

Antinatalist

Anti-natalist policies are policies that are designed to discourage large family sizes in order to slow the rate of population growth

Intervening obstacles

an environmental, political, cultural, or economic feature that hinders or stops a migrant's journey to their intended destination

Over population

occurs when a region's population exceeds the local availability of essential resources needed to maintain a decent standard of living

Intervening opportunities

closer, alternative destinations that divert migrants or travelers from reaching their original, more distant goal

Forced migration

the permanent movement of people compelled by external cultural, political, or environmental factors rather than personal choice

Voluntary migration

the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people undertaken by choice, typically driven by economic, social, or environmental opportunities rather than direct coercion or survival threats.

Internally displaced persons

people forced to flee their homes due to conflict, violence, human rights abuses, or natural disasters who remain in their country's bourdiers

Refugees

an individual forced to flee their home country due to war, political persecution, or violence, and who crosses an international border to seek safe

Asylum seekers

a forced migrant who has crossed an international border to escape persecution, war, or violence and has formally requested legal protection in another country, but is still waiting for an official decision on their status

Transnational migration

a type of voluntary movement where individuals cross international borders while maintaining active social, economic, cultural, and political ties to their home country

Transhumance migration

the seasonal, cyclical movement of herders and their livestock between fixed summer pastures (usually high up in the mountains) and winter pastures (usually down in the lowland valleys)

Internal migration

the permanent or semi-permanent movement of people within the borders of a single country

Chain migration

a type of voluntary migration where people move to a specific destination because family members, friends, or community members from their home area have already settled there

Step migration

a long-distance relocation that happens in a series of shorter, staged stops rather than all at once.

Guest worker

legal, temporary voluntary migrants who move to a more developed country (MDC) from a less developed country (LDC) to fill specific labor shortages

Rural to urban migration

he voluntary internal movement of people from rural farming or countryside areas into cities

Urban to suburban migration

the movement of people and businesses from central city cores to the lower-density residential and commercial areas on the outskirts of a metropolitan region

Brain drain

the large-scale voluntary emigration of highly skilled, educated, and trained professionals from one country or region to another