Chapter 2 geography shaping the earth surface

Earth surface shaped by:

Endogenic and Exogenic prosess

Outermost layer of the Earth is not single layer but broken into several large pieces called

Plate tectonics

W.J morgan gave the concept for

Plate tectonics

Earth is divided into three parts:

Crust(uppermost)

Mantle(thick and hot)

Core(innermost and very hot)

Upper Mantle+ Crust

Lithosphere

_____________ lies beneath lithosphere and is responsible for the movement in earth surface

Asthenosphere

Tectonics plates are divided into three parts

Continental plates- carry continents

Oceanic plates- carry ocean floors

Mixed plates- carry both

Major tectonic plates of the world

Pacific plate Europian plate African plate North American plate South American plate Indo Australian plate Antarctica plate

Movement in the mantle is caused by

Convection currents

Process of convection currents

Core heat causes molten material to rise=

Cooler material sinks=

Convection currents=

Currents push or pull tectonics plates making movements

Where tectonic plates meets

Plate Boundaries

Plate Boundaries is divided into 3 parts

Convergent, Divergent and Transform

Plate move towards each other

Create fold mountains (Himalaya)

(Plates are continental)

Convergent Boundary

Plate move away from each other

Magma rises from below forms new crust

Such as Mid Oceanic Rigids

Divergent Boundary

Plates slide past exam other

Causes earthquakes

Such as San Andreas Fault in the United States

Transform Boundary

Most valcanoes and earthquake occurs near

Plate Boundaries

Plate Boundaries valconaes and earthquake especially occurs near

Pacific ocean, Known as the Ring of Fire

Process through which Rocks on earth surface break down into smaller pieces due to various processes

DOESN'T INCLUDE MOVEMENT OF THE BROKEN MATERIAL

Weathering

Types of weathering

Physical

Chemical

Biological

Rocks break into smaller pieces due to temperature,frost or wind

(Type of weathering)

Physical weathering

Mineral in rock changes

Reaction with water, air or acids

Leading to new substance

(Type of weathering)

Chemical Weathering

Plants, Animal, Micro organisms

When plants grow through the rock breaking them

(Type of weathering)

Biological weathering

Process by which rock soil and other materials get worn away by water air wind etc.

Erosion

Types of erosions

(Wet Wind Go Coastal)

Water Erosion

Wind Erosion

Glacial Erosion

Coastal Erosion

By river, ocean ,rain (type of erosion)

Water Erosion

Common in dry and sandy areas (type of erosion)

Wind Erosion

Moving Ice-scrapes and carrying rocks (type of erosion)

Glacial Erosion

Sea waves wears the land along the sea (type of erosion)

Coastal Erosion

Natural force that wear down, transport, deposit material on earth’s surface to level it or smooth it over time

Agents of gradation

Agents of gradation (real giants walk with grace)

Running water glaciers wind wave groundwater

Erodea rocks and soil to form valley and plains (type of agent gradiation)

Running water

Scrape and carry huge materials carving U shaped valley (type of agent gradiation)

Glaciers

Shape desert by eroding and depositing sand (type of gradiation)

Wind

Eroads coastline to form Cliff beaches and bays (type of agent gradiation)

Waves

Dissolves rocks, such as limestone creating caves and sinkholes (type of agent gradiation)

Groundwater