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What is the rate of reaction?
How fast the reactants are changed into products
rate of reaction formula?
Amount of reactant used or product formed / time
how do you interpret rate graphs?
the steeper the line, the faster the rate and over time the line becomes less steep as the reactants are used up and the line becomes flat. Fast reaction lines are the steepest and become the flattest earliest
What does the rate of reaction depend on?
1) the collision frequency of particles. The more frequent successful collisions between particles, the faster the rate
2) activation energy. The higher activation energy the particles have, the more likely they are to have enough energy to cause successful collisions
what factors affect rate of reaction?
temperature, concentration of solution or pressure of gas, surface area, catalysts
how does temp affect rate?
if temp increases, particles will move faster and if they move faster they are going to collide more frequently causing more frequent collisions and also as they have higher temp, they have more energy so the collisions are more likely to be also successful
how does conc or pressure affect temp?
if a solution is made more concentrated, there is more particles in the same volume of solvent ( same with pressure being increased and there being the same number of particles but in a smaller space. These make collisions between particles more frequent
how does SA affect rate?
If one of the reactants are solid, By increasing surface area, there are more smaller pieces per volume of solid meaning there is more area for particles to collide with increasing the frequency of collisons
How do catalysts affect rate?
Catalysts provide an alternate energy pathway with lower activation energy decreasing the activation energy required to create successful collisions meaning there will be a higher frequency of successful collisions
what are reversible reactions?
Reactions in which products can revert back to the original reactants
what is dynamic equilibrium?
both reactions are still occurring but there concentration of products and reactants have reached a balance and wont change
when can dynamic equilibrium be achieved?
If it is in a closed system.
what does it mean if equilibrium lies to left or right?
if left, the concentration of reactants is greater than products and if right, the concentration of products is greater than reactants
what does the position of equilibrium dependent on?
temp, pressure ( for gases), conc of products and reactants
How does endothermic and exothermic work in reversible reactions?
if the forward reaction is endothermic then the reverse reaction will be exothermic and vice versa.
What is Le Chatelier's principle?
The idea that if you change the conditions of a reversible reaction at equilibrium, the system will try to counteract that change
how does temp affect position of equilibrium?
If you decrease temp, the equilibrium will move in the exothermic direction to produce more heat in order to counteract the change meaning you will get more products for the exothermic reaction as it produces heat rather than the products formed the endothermic reaction
how does pressure affect PoE?
if you increase pressure, the equilibrium tries to reduce this by moving in the direction where there are fewer moles of gas in order ton increase the molecules of gas on that side
how does concentration affect PoE?
If you increase the concentration, equilibrium will move in the direction to the reaction with lower concentration and will counteract the change by increasing the products or reactants of the reaction