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63 Terms

1

popular sovereignty

The political idea that power comes from the people, not God, and that it remains with the people.

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2

separation of powers

The political concept, advocated by Montesquieu, where government’s powers are divided into different branches, such as executive and legislative.

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3

American Revolution

The first successful revolt by a colony against rule by a European mother country, ending in American victory and the establishment of the first federal republic in history.

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4

French and Indian War

The North American theater of the Seven Years’ War fought between Britain and its American colonies against France and its colonies in North America, ending in a major British victory.

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5

Declaration of Independence

A crucial political document written by Thomas Jefferson, inspired by Locke's social contract theory, outlining reasons for rejecting British rule.

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6

First Estate

Pre-Revolutionary term for the Catholic clergy of France.

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7

Second Estate

Pre-Revolutionary term for the nobility of France.

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8

Third Estate

Pre-Revolutionary term for the masses of French society, including peasants, bourgeoisie, and the urban poor.

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9

peasants

Rural, agricultural free laborers who are part of the lower classes.

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10

sans-culottes

A slang term for the urban working poor during the French Revolution.

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11

bourgeoisie

The urban, educated middle and upper classes.

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12

taille

A hated tax paid only by the common people of France, exempting clergy and nobility.

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13

Estates-General

The historic parliament of France that lacked the same powers possessed by the British Parliament.

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14

cahiers de doleances

Lists of grievances drawn up by the three estates, suggesting reforms including fair taxation and equal voting rights.

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15

National Assembly

Declaring itself the new parliament of France, dominated by the Third Estate.

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16

Tennis Court Oath

The vow taken by delegates of the National Assembly to not disband until a constitution for France was written.

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17

militias

Military forces made up of civilians assembled in times of emergency.

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18

Bastille

A fortress in Paris stormed on July 14, 1789, seen as a major event of the Revolution.

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19

Great Fear

A summer 1789 panic in France where peasant mobs attacked noble estates.

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20

manorial obligations

Ancient requirements for peasants to work on lands of nobility.

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21

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The first constitution of France promoting equal rights for all French men.

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22

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A law requiring French Catholic clergy to swear loyalty to the nation, creating conflict with the Church.

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23

metric system

The common measurement system using meter, liter, and gram, adopted by France during the Revolution.

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24

“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

The famous motto of the French Revolution summarizing its ideals.

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25

Women’s March

A 1789 march by Parisian women demanding lower bread prices, forcing the King to return to Paris.

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26

Haitian Revolution

The first successful slave revolt against European rule, establishing the first Black ruled republic.

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27

inflation

A general increase in prices and a decline in the purchasing power of money.

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28

emigres

French nobles who fled revolutionary France and supported foreign powers against France.

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29

Declaration of Pillnitz

A 1792 agreement between Austria and Prussia to restore the old order in France.

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30

Legislative Assembly

The new French parliament that replaced the National Assembly in 1791, favoring radical reforms.

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31

Jacobins

The radical political group during the Revolution, known for their violent methods.

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32

Girondin

A moderate faction of the Jacobins who supported the Revolution but opposed extremism.

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33

Mountain

The most radical faction of the Jacobins, supporting the execution of the King.

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34

Reign of Terror

The most extreme phase of the Revolution marked by mass arrests and executions.

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35

National Convention

The parliament elected in fall 1792, governing France during the Terror and the Directory.

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36

Committee of Public Safety

A group of delegates with dictatorial power during the Reign of Terror.

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37

Thermidorean Reaction

A violent period in summer 1794 following the arrest and execution of many leaders of the Terror.

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38

Directory

The government formed after the Terror, lasting until Napoleon seized power.

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39

coup d’etat

The overthrow of a legitimate government by military force.

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40

archeology

The study of human history through the excavation of artifacts.

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41

Rosetta Stone

A massive stone tablet discovered in Egypt containing the same message in three languages.

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42

Consulate

Napoleon's first government, lasting until he proclaimed the Empire in 1804.

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43

Concordat with the Church

An agreement in 1801 between Napoleon and the Pope that established peace with the Church.

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44

irreligious

Indifferent or hostile to religion; holding no religious beliefs.

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45

Code Napoleon

A national legal code introduced by Napoleon that modernized French law.

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46

plebiscite

A direct vote by the common people on a significant issue.

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47

First (Grand) Empire

The Empire from Napoleon's proclamation in 1804 until his abdication in 1814.

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48

balance-of-power

The diplomatic goal of preventing any single nation from dominating Europe.

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49

puppet-state

A nation that is officially independent but controlled by another nation.

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50

Grand Duchy of Warsaw

A Napoleonic puppet-state that restored Polish independence.

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51

Confederation of the Rhine

A Napoleonic puppet-state that unified Germany post the Treaty of Westphalia.

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52

Continental System

Napoleon’s plan to restrict trade with Britain to cause economic ruin.

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53

economic warfare

Using economic tactics against rivals to cause financial collapse.

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54

Peninsular War

A conflict starting with Napoleon's occupation of Spain, involving guerrilla warfare.

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55

guerilla warfare

A military tactic where an inferior force utilizes unconventional methods.

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56

Invasion of Russia

Napoleon's disastrous 1812 military campaign, leading to heavy losses.

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57

scorched earth

A defensive tactic where resources are destroyed to deny their use to an enemy.

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58

Congress of Vienna

A diplomatic event aimed at restoring European order after Napoleon's defeat.

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59

Prince Metternich

A conservative leader influential in European politics during the early 1800s.

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60

restoration

Returning a monarch or government to power.

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61

legitimacy

The principle of a legal and rightful authority.

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62

Hundred Days

The period when Napoleon returned to power, ending with his defeat at Waterloo.

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63

Battle of Waterloo

The last battle of Napoleon's career, resulting in his defeat by Prussian and British forces.

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