Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 7 pt. 3

origin of muscle

muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

insertion of a muscle

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

what are two ways muscle action can be described

relative to the bone that moves

as the joint that is involved

prime mover or agonist muscle

The muscle that is chiefly responsible for producing a movement

ex(the biceps brachii is prime mover that flexes elbow)

antagonist muscle

Muscle that opposes a movement by another muscle


ex (the triceps brachii is antagonist to the biceps brachii)

synergist muscle

Muscle that helps the prime mover work efficiently

(the brachialis assists the biceps brachii in flexion of the elbow

fixator muscle

synergists that stabilize the origin of a prime mover by preventing movement at another joint

ex(the rhomboid muscles are fixators during flexion of the elbow in that they stabilize one of the origins of the biceps brachii)

What are the muscles of the head and neck responsible for

facial expressions, swallowing and chewing

what do Muscles of the spine include

flexors and extensors of head, neck, and spinal column

What do Muscles of the trunk form

the muscular walls of thoracic/ abodminopelvic cavities

what do Muscles of the pelvic floor form

muscular perineum that closes the pelvic outlet

Where do Muscles of the face originate

on surface of skull

Where do Muscles of the face insert into

dermis of the skin

the contraction of Muscles of the face causes

movement of the skin

Orbicularis oris action

constricts the opening of the mouth

buccinator action

Compresses cheek when blowing
(Sucking, whistling)

temporalis and pterygoid action

- assist the masseter in chewing by elevating mandible

the scalp contains a two-part muscle, the _______________

occipitofrontalis

first part of occipitofrontalis

frontalis muscle(anterior)

what does the frontalis muscle fo

raises eyebrow; wrinkles forehead

second part of part of occipitofrontalis

occipitalis muscle (posterior)

what does occipitalis muscle do

tenses and retracts scalp
;pulls scalp posteriorly

what are the two muscles of part of occipitofrontalis connected by

epicranial aponeurosis(fibrous sheet that connects dif skeletal muscles)

the ventral neck is covered by what skeletal muscle

platysma

The platysma extends from base of __________to the ________-

neck; mandible

What does the platysma do?

tenses skin of neck, depresses mandible

What do muscles of the neck do

Control position of the larynx


Depress the mandible


Tense the floor of the mouth


Provide stable foundation for muscles of the tongue and pharynx

Like PLATYSMA, what does the digastric muscle do

depresses the mandible

What does the omohyoid do?

depresses hyoid bone/ larynx

What does the mylohyoid do?

Elevates hyoid, floor of mouth

What does the stylohyoid do?

elevates larynx

What does the sternocleidomastoid do?

flexes neck; rotates head

What two muscles of the spine work together to either extend the head or tilt the head

Splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis

What muscle of the spine Maintains an erect spinal column and head

Erector spinae, or spinal extensors

Erector spinae, or spinal extensors include what three muscles?

Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

When all three muscles of the Erector spinae contract on both sides, what happens

they erect the spinal column

When all three muscles of the Erector spinae contract on only ONE side, what happens

they cause the spinal column to bend laterally

What muscles of the spine Flex the spinal column and depress the ribs

Quadratus lumborum

what do external and internal intercostals do

•Externals elevate ribs(inhale) and internals depress ribs

what do these following muscles do:
External and internal obliques, and the transversus abdominis

Compress abdomen, can flex spine

what can external and internal obliques ALSO do?

flex vertebral column; depress ribs

What does the rectus abdominis (ABS) do?

depresses ribs, ,flexes spine

the diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle which seperates what two cavities

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

the diaphragm plays an important role in

breathing

When we inhale the diaphragm..............causing the thoracic cavity to ___________and the abdominopelvic cavity to ______________

moves down and contracts and becomes flat;
expand;
compress

why does the thoracic cavity expand

bc it fills with air

During exhalation the diaphragm

relaxes and moves up and becomes dome shaped

What is the perineum?

Pelvic cavity floor

external anal sphincter muscle (of pelvic floor)

closes anal opening

exxternal urethral sphincter (of pelvic floor)

Closes urethra

Muscles that position the pectoral girdle

trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae, serratus anterior, Pectoralis minor and subclavius

The trapezius is a _________-shaped muscle that has many actions depending on the _____

diamond;
region

The trapezius covers the __________and ___________

rhomboid and levator scapulae

the rhomboid muscle ___________and ____________-the scapula LATERALLY

ADDucts(toward spine) and rotates

the Levator scapulae ____________the scapula

ELEVATES(shrugging ur shoulders)

the Serratus anterior ______________and ________________ scapula anteriorly

Abducts and rotates

•Pectoralis minor and subclavius ____________and ______________the scapula

Depress and abduct

Muscles that move the arm

- Deltoid
- Supraspinatus
- Pectoralis major
- Subscapularis and Teres Major
- Infraspinatus and Teres Minor
- Latissimus dorsi

what is the major abductor of the arm

deltoid

What muscle assists at the beginning of movement

Supraspinatus

What muscle Flexes the arm at the shoulder

Pectoralis major

What four muscles rotate the arm

Subscapularis, teres major, infraspinatus, and teres minor

What muscle Extends the arm at the shoulder

latissimus dorsi

latissimus dorsi works with the ____________to produce rotation and adduction of the humerus

pectoralis major

The tendons of what four muscles form the rotator cuff?

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

(SITS)

the rotator cuff is a common site of sports injuries such as a

muscle strain(tear or break in muscle)
and bursitis(inflammation of bursae)

What are the muscles that move the forearm and wrist

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

Brachialis and brachioradialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus

Extensor carpi radialis and extensor carpi ulnaris

Pronators and the supinator

What muscle Flexes the elbow and supinates forearm

biceps brachii

What muscle Extends elbow

triceps brachii

Brachialis and brachioradialis are siimilar to biceps brachii because they

FLEX the elbow

WHat muscles flex the wrist

Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus

What muscles Extend wrist

Extensor carpi radialis and extensor carpi ulnaris

What muscles rotate radius

Pronators and the supinator

What are the muscles that That Move the Hand and Fingers

Extensor digitorum and flexor digitorum

Abductor pollicis and extensor pollicis

what muscles Extend and flex fingers respectively

Extensor digitorum and flexor digitorum

What muscles Abducts and extends thumb respectively

Abductor pollicis and extensor pollicis

Only _____________Cross the wrist

tendons

which connective tissue holds tendons of wrist in place

retinacula

Inflammation of reinacula cause

carpal tunnel syndrome

What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

weakness in hand muscles which results from repetitive hand / wrist movement

What are the gluteal muscles?

gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae

The gluteal muscles cover the _____Surfaces of iliac bones

lateral

what is the largest and most posterior muscle of the gluteal muscles

gluteus maximus

gluteal muscles produce what type of movement

extension, rotation, and abduction at hip joint

What are the adductors of the hip?

pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis

what is the largest hip FLEXOR

iliopsoas

the iliopsoas is composed of what two muscles

psoas major and the iliacus

muscles that move the leg include

flexors and extensors

flexors of knee are found on what surface

posterior and medial

flexors of knee

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Popliteus

among the flexors of the knee which THREE are known as the hamstrings

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus

What does the hamstring do?

flex knee

what does the sartorius muscle do?

crosses hip and knee joints and produces lateral rotation at the hip

What does the popliteus do?

unlocks knee joint

extensors of the knee are found on what surface

anterior and lateral

The extensors are collectively known as the

quadriceps femoris

the extensors of the knee (quadriceps muscles) include

rectus femoris,
vastus lateralis,
vastus medialis,
vastus intermedius

The patella forms within what tendon?

tendon of the quadriceps femoris

what muscles move the foot

gastrocnemius,
soleus, fibularis,
tibialis

what muscles extend the ankle

gastrocnemius, fibularis longus, soleus, fibularis brevis, tibialis posterior, plantaris