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Treaty of Versailles - Land terms
Germany lost 10% of their land (12.5% of population)
Alsace-Lorraine to France
West-Prussia and others to Poland
Northern Schleswig to Denmark
Danzig and Saarland became LoN mandates
Germany forbidden to unite with Austria
Treaty of Versailles - Reparations
132 Billion Gold Marks / 6.6 Billion Pounds / 33 Billion Dollars
Never fully paid off (Ruhr crisis 1923)
Treaty of Versailles - Military
Military reduced from approx. 2 mio men to 100.000
no air force - navy reduced severely, only 6 battleships/ no submarines
Rheinland demilitarised (closeness to France)
Treaty of Versailles - Effects
economic crisis —> hyperinflation and mass unemployment
political instability —> weimar republic as an ultamitely failed democracy experiment
dissatisfaction with war guilt clause (used as moral justification for other terms) —> offended population
demilitarisation —> humiliation, due to prussia’s tradition of strong military
diplomatic isolation —> not allowed to join league of nations
separation of ethnic groups
Treaty of St. Germain - Land
Tyrol to Italy
Bohemia to Czechoslowakia
Bosnia-Herzegovina & Croatia to Yugoslavia
Treaty of St. Germain - Reparations
Austria went bankrupt before they were set up
Treaty of St. Germain - Military
army reduced to 30,000 men
no airforce no navy
Treaty of St. Germain - Effects
seperation of ethnic groups
collapse of the habsburg empire
establishment of new states —> poland, yugoslavia, czechoslowakia —> republicanism
economic weakness of new states —> economies within austria-hungary interdependent —> now disruption in trade —> industrial output decreased by 65%
Treaty of Neuilly - Land
lost access to mediterranean
Treaty of Neuilly - Reparations
100M pounds
Treaty of Neuilly - Military
army reduced to 20,000 no airforce heavy navy reduction
Treaty of Neuilly - Effects
eeconmic instability —> high unemployement (third of rural population)
Treaty of Trianon - Land
lost 2/3 of land —> approx 60% of population
Treaty of Trianon - Reparations
200M gold crowns (suspended)
Treaty of Trianon - Military
35000 men no airforce no navy
Treaty of Trianon - Effects
constitutional monarchy —> conservative dictator (replucanism where?) protest and uprisings —> economic recession (econ ouput reduced by 70%)
Treaty of Sèvres - Land
anatolia to italy kurdish and armenian states created middle eastern posesssions lost to br/fr
Treaty of Sèvres - Reparations
none allies controlled finances
Treaty of Sèvres - Military
50000 men no airforce no navy
Treaty of Sèvres - Effects
arguably more seveere than treaty of versaille, ottoman empire collapsed / partitioned —> hostility and nationalist feelings created by loss of territory —> turkish war for indeencence —> treaty of lausanne rewrote sevres —> greco turkish war over smyrna arabs did not want to accet br/fr rule
USA (Woodrow Wilson) demands
wanted peace in europe (with 14 points)
—> free trade in europe
—> self determination of colonies
—> dearmarment
—> no sercret diplomacy
—> free navigation at sea
—> independent belgium
( ridiculed by clemenceau “14 points? the good lord himself only needed 10)
UK ( David Lloyd George) demands
more moderate
wanted to maintain trade with germany (settlement that both punished her yet made this possible)
“sat between jesus and napoleon”
maintain naval superiority (anglo-german naval race —> german navy second strongest) —> harsh reduction of german navy
bulwark against communism
France (Georges Clemenceau) demands
punish germany / harsh settlement /weaken germany
highest losses out of any allied nation (war fought on french land)
—> wanted (and got) alsace lorraine
—> wanted heavy demilitarisation
—> good relationship with UK
Italy (Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando) demands
fulfill promises made by treaty of london —> regain italian speaking territories (trentino istria and south tyrol)
felt they deserved compensation for war losses (higher than gb)
(nationalist d’annuncio called it a mutilated victory)
