History - Peace Settlements

Treaty of Versailles - Land terms

Germany lost 10% of their land (12.5% of population)

Alsace-Lorraine to France

West-Prussia and others to Poland

Northern Schleswig to Denmark

Danzig and Saarland became LoN mandates

Germany forbidden to unite with Austria

Treaty of Versailles - Reparations

132 Billion Gold Marks / 6.6 Billion Pounds / 33 Billion Dollars

Never fully paid off (Ruhr crisis 1923)

Treaty of Versailles - Military

Military reduced from approx. 2 mio men to 100.000

no air force - navy reduced severely, only 6 battleships/ no submarines

Rheinland demilitarised (closeness to France)

Treaty of Versailles - Effects

economic crisis —> hyperinflation and mass unemployment

political instability —> weimar republic as an ultamitely failed democracy experiment

dissatisfaction with war guilt clause (used as moral justification for other terms) —> offended population

demilitarisation —> humiliation, due to prussia’s tradition of strong military

diplomatic isolation —> not allowed to join league of nations

separation of ethnic groups

Treaty of St. Germain - Land

Tyrol to Italy

Bohemia to Czechoslowakia

Bosnia-Herzegovina & Croatia to Yugoslavia

Treaty of St. Germain - Reparations

Austria went bankrupt before they were set up

Treaty of St. Germain - Military

army reduced to 30,000 men

no airforce no navy

Treaty of St. Germain - Effects

seperation of ethnic groups

collapse of the habsburg empire

establishment of new states —> poland, yugoslavia, czechoslowakia —> republicanism

economic weakness of new states —> economies within austria-hungary interdependent —> now disruption in trade —> industrial output decreased by 65%

Treaty of Neuilly - Land

lost access to mediterranean

Treaty of Neuilly - Reparations

100M pounds

Treaty of Neuilly - Military

army reduced to 20,000 no airforce heavy navy reduction

Treaty of Neuilly - Effects

eeconmic instability —> high unemployement (third of rural population)

Treaty of Trianon - Land

lost 2/3 of land —> approx 60% of population

Treaty of Trianon - Reparations

200M gold crowns (suspended)

Treaty of Trianon - Military

35000 men no airforce no navy

Treaty of Trianon - Effects

constitutional monarchy —> conservative dictator (replucanism where?) protest and uprisings —> economic recession (econ ouput reduced by 70%)

Treaty of Sèvres - Land

anatolia to italy kurdish and armenian states created middle eastern posesssions lost to br/fr

Treaty of Sèvres - Reparations

none allies controlled finances

Treaty of Sèvres - Military

50000 men no airforce no navy

Treaty of Sèvres - Effects

arguably more seveere than treaty of versaille, ottoman empire collapsed / partitioned —> hostility and nationalist feelings created by loss of territory —> turkish war for indeencence —> treaty of lausanne rewrote sevres —> greco turkish war over smyrna arabs did not want to accet br/fr rule

USA (Woodrow Wilson) demands

wanted peace in europe (with 14 points)

—> free trade in europe

—> self determination of colonies

—> dearmarment

—> no sercret diplomacy

—> free navigation at sea

—> independent belgium

( ridiculed by clemenceau “14 points? the good lord himself only needed 10)

UK ( David Lloyd George) demands

more moderate

wanted to maintain trade with germany (settlement that both punished her yet made this possible)

“sat between jesus and napoleon”

maintain naval superiority (anglo-german naval race —> german navy second strongest) —> harsh reduction of german navy

bulwark against communism

France (Georges Clemenceau) demands

punish germany / harsh settlement /weaken germany

highest losses out of any allied nation (war fought on french land)

—> wanted (and got) alsace lorraine

—> wanted heavy demilitarisation

—> good relationship with UK

Italy (Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando) demands

fulfill promises made by treaty of london —> regain italian speaking territories (trentino istria and south tyrol)

felt they deserved compensation for war losses (higher than gb)

(nationalist d’annuncio called it a mutilated victory)