NUR 220 Exam 2

how many lobes do the right and left have?

Right:3

Left:2

this lung has a horizontal fissure AND an oblique fissure

right lung

what happens during inspiration?

diaphragm contracts, pushes abdomen down, intercostal muscles push chest wall out

what decreases intrathoracic pressure creating negative pressure within lungs

inspiration

air passes through what to reach the trachea

pharynx and larynx

what makes up the upper airway

nose, pharynx, larynx, and intrathoracic trachea

what are the 3 functions of the upper airway?

warms air, protects body from foreign particles, conducts air to lower airway.

what does the lower airway consist of

Trachea

Right and left main stem bronchi

Segmental and subsegmental bronchi

Terminal bronchioles

when ausculating the lungs you start at the… and end at the…

apex, base

crackles

course or fine high-pitched crackling and popping noises

mainly heard during inspiration - due to pneumonia or edema.

wheezing

high-pitched musical sounds due to narrowing. Louder

wheezing can be heard with a naked ear; usually louder on expiration

pleural friction rub

low-pitched, dry, rubbing, or grating quality is

heard during inspiration or expiration

ronchi

oud, low-pitched, rumbling, course, low snoring or moaning sounds heard during inspiration or expiration

stridor

abnormal, high-pitched squeaking or whistling sound produced by turbulent airflow through a partially obstructed airway

vesicular

soft breath sounds, breezy, and low pitched

Bronchovesicular

breath sounds that are blowing sounds that are medium pitched and of medium intensity

Bronchial

breath sounds are loud and high pitched with hollow quality

the ABCDE mnemonic stands for what

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter, evolution

papule

circumscribed, solid elevation in skin

ie. elevated mole

wheal

irregular shape, elevated area or superficial localized edema

ie. hive

nodule

elevated solid mass, deeper and firmer than papule

ie. wart

vesicle

circumscribed elevation smaller than 1cm

ie. chicken pox

pustule

elevation of skin filled with pus

ie pimple

ulcer

deep loss of skin surface that extends to dermis frequently bleeds and scars

ie. diabetes ulcers

atrophy

thinning skin, shiny and translucent

ie aging

during a skin assessment for a limited-mobility patient, what do the following results indicate?

1. Skin blanches (turns white) and returns to red.

2. Skin does not blanch.

1. Blanches: Circulation is sufficient; redness will disappear.

2. Does not blanch: A Stage I pressure ulcer has developed

stage I pressure ulcer

prolonged redness, no broken skin

stage II pressure ulcer

Partial-thickness skin loss appears as a shallow, open ulcer with pink wound bed

stage III pressure ulcer

full thickness skin loss with damage to subcutaneous tissue

stage IV pressure ulcer

full thickness skin loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon

Unstageable pressure ulcer

Eschar or slough may cover the entire wound bed; thus, it is unstageable

the right side of the heart

gets blood from supp. and inferior vena cava and pumps blood from pulmonary arteries to pulmonary circulation

the left side of the heart

gets blood from the pulmonary veins and pumps blood from the aorta into the systemic circulation

layers of the heard

pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

what is diastolic pressure

the lower, resting pressure left over in the arteries when the heart is relaxing between beats.

what is systolic pressure

he high pressure created against the artery walls when the heart is actively squeezing.

what causes the s1 heart sound (lub)

closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves

what causes s2 heart sound (dub)

closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves