THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER REFORMATION

John Wycliffe

Early critic of the Catholic Church; translated the Bible into English.

John Huss

Bohemian reformer who challenged Church corruption; burned at the stake.

Martin Luther

Initiated the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses, opposing indulgences.

John Calvin

Developed Calvinism, emphasizing predestination and a strict moral code.

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer who rejected Catholic traditions like transubstantiation.

Martin Bucer

Promoted Protestant unity and influenced the English Reformation.

Heinrich Bullinger

Succeeded Zwingli in Zurich and shaped Protestant doctrine.

Theodor Beza

Calvin’s successor, defending Calvinist teachings.

William Farel

Helped establish Protestantism in Geneva.

John Knox

Led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland, founding Presbyterianism.

Andreas Karlstadt

Early Protestant leader who pushed radical reforms.

Pope Paul III

Initiated the Council of Trent to reform the Catholic Church and counter Protestantism.

Ignatius de Loyola

Founded the Jesuits, leading Catholic education and missionary efforts.