alex genetic quiz

T/F- we were never unicellular

False, we were once unicellular

Sperm and Egg have how many chromosomes each

23

Egg and sperm are diploid or haploid

Haploid

Zygote has how many chromosomes and how many pairs

46, 23

Zygote is haploid or diploid?

Diploid

What is genetics?

Study of biologically inherited traits determines by elements of heredity that are transmitted from parents for offspring in reproduction

The elements of heredity are known as

genes

How many cells in our bodies

10 trillion

A gene is a segment of

DNA

A gene is a segment of DNA ghat typically produces a

polypeptide chain

A polypeptide is a unit of

Protein

Some genes just make _____ (not translated)

RNA

How many bases in each cell?

3 billion

RNA made by genes is coding or noncoding?

Noncoding

what % of genome makes protein?

2-3%

A diploid organism or cells contains how many copies of genetic material?

2

Therefore a diploid organism contains two copies of

each gene

T/F we only inherit 2 function copies of a gene

False, we can inherit a functional and non-functional gene

Within two copies of the same gene, what can differ

nucleic acid sequence can differ

What are alleles?

two different forms of a gene

What makes alleles different?

Mutations

A diploid organism can have what in terms of alleles?

Two copies of same alleles, or two different alleles

Two copies of same allele is known as

Homozygote

Two different alleles known as

heterozygote

The two alleles an individual has for a gene are known as

Genotype

Visible expression of genotype is an organisms

phenotype

Genotype codes for

Phenotype

What are 2 types of phenotype

polygenic, monogenic

multiple genes that influence trait are

polygenic

Most human characteristics and common dx's are

polygenic

Example of human characteristics that are polygenic are

skin color, height, etc.

Example of common diseases that are polygenic are

heart dx

Phenotype influenced by only 1 gene are

monogenic

Ex of a dx monogenic

dwarfism

How many pair of chromosomes we have

23

Our chromosome are circular or linear?

Linear "typically"

Human chromosomes are a complex of

protein and nucleic acids

we have how many pairs of autosomes?

22

we have how many pair of sex chromosomes

1

Sex chromosomes have another name ____

allosomes

What are the 2 sex chromosomes

X and Y

Cytogeneticists study

Cell material (chromosomes)

What is a karyotype

individuals complete set of chromosomes

XX is female or male?

female

XY is female or male

Male

Is the X chromosome or Y chromosome small?

Y is

X and Y have certain regions that are similar and that is where what occurs

Crossing over

Chromosome 1 is larger or smaller that 22?

Larger

Chromosme 21 is smaller or larger than Chromosome 2?

Smaller ( they decrease in size as number increases)

What are the 2 arms a chromosome has

P and Q arms

Is p arm or q arm larger?

q arm

Mitochondria also contains what

Genetic information

Mitochondria used to be gram pos or gram neg bacteria

gram neg

Does egg cell or sperm cell have more mitochondria

Egg cell

Each cell contains how many mitochondria

thousands

Mitochondria is the what of the cell

Powerhouse (makes ATP)

Each mitochondria usually contains

one circular chromosome

the circular chromosome of the mitochondria contains

genes

Almost all mitochondria comes from mom or dad?

mom (egg cell)

What is the ultimate source of variation

Mutation of nucleotides

Mutation of nucleotides are the raw material of

evolution

mutation of nucleotides is the only way what is created

new alleles

Do mutation of nucleotides cause temporary or permanent changes

permanent

What are the 2 types of mutation

Germinal and somatic

Mutation in a sperm or egg is known as

germinal mutation

T/F germinal mutation is inherited

T

Somatic mutation is in

a somatic cell

Ex of somatic mutation

melanomas

Chromosome rearrangements are when full sets of ____ are present, but what is rearranged?

full sets of chromosomes present, but DNA within chromosomes are rearranged

Presence or absence of one or more extra chromosomes

Aneuploidy

More than 2 sets of chromosomes are known as

Polyploidy

.

.

Chromosome rearrangment is #n=#

2n=6

Aneuploidy is #n+# = #

2n+1=7

Polyploidy is #n=#

3n=9

Picture of the ploidy stuff, just look at

More exapmples of Monogenic trait dx

Dwarfism, Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia

Polyploidy is almost always

fatal

What are examples of some things in nature with polyploidy

Wheat, strawberries, bananas, seedless watermelon

Polyploidy are additional sets of

chromosomes (3n, 4n...)

Polyploidy is common in ___ and present in some____

plants, vertebrates

Polyploidy is rare in

humans

Polyploidy is present in what % fetuses

1-2%

T/F all polyploidy babies make it to birth

F, none make it to birth

What events can cause alterations of chromosome #

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction are when what fail to separate

Homologous chromosomes (meiosis 1) and sister chromatids (meiosis 2)

Nondisjunction results in

aneuploidy

Abnormal # of chromosomes is

aneuploidy

Would nondisjunction in M1 or M2 be worse?

M1

Loss of both members of a chromosome pair is

Nullisomy (2n-2)

Loss of a single chromosome

monosomy (2n-1)

Gain of a single chromosome

Trisomy (2n+1)

Gain of two homologous chromosomes

Tetrasomy (2n+2)

Down syndrome is what trisomy

21

Symptoms/traits of down syndrome

Facial features, short, delayed mental development, congenital heart dx, decreased immune fxn (higher risk resp. infx)

What ratio of babies get down syndrome

1/775 babies

Down syndrome increases with

Moms age: elevated at 35, highest risk at 40, paternal age may be a factor

Nondisjunction (leading to aneuploidy with maternal age) is from

Spindle fibers and other structures may break down

Trisomy 13 and 18 often end in

miscarriage

If baby is born with either trisomy 13 or 18 they

die shortly after birth