Learn: Psych 326 Quiz 1 review

bumps on head

telling of personality traits

phrenology

(pseudoscience) reading/measuring bumps on the skull

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

first record writing about the brain

First medical book

The Canon of Medicine written by Persians

Trepanation

first attempt at brain surgery (a hole was made in a person's head to relieve pressure, pus, or to release demons)

The Canon of Medicine

divided into five books; essays on basic medical and physiological principles, list of medical substances, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, diagnosis and treatment of conditions, and compound remedies

dualism

mind and brain are separate

monism

the mind is what the brain does, they are one.

Wilhelm Wundt

first to study the mind as separate from other fields

Ultimate function of brain

thinking, logical reasoning, perceiving, remembering, etc

Charles Darwin

theory of how organisms changed over time with a changing environment

Jean Baptiste

proposed that organisms change within their own life to meet the pressures of their surroundings (giraffe example, neck getting longer to reach the tree in order to eat)

Postulate 1

Postulate 1= Variation within the population (population is a group of interbreeding members of the same species but variation in just about all aspects like size, color, resistance to disease, etc)

Postulate 2

-Postultate 2= Over reproduction (all organisms produce more offspring than can survive to reproduce, yet populations stay relatively stable.

Postulate 3

-Postulate 3= Competition (organisms compete for food, space, mates, etc)

Postulate 4

-Postulate 4= Advantage (those that happen to be able to compete more successfully tend to live longer, and produce more offspring and thereby pass on the traits that's helped them survive to their offspring, think of natural selection)

Postulate 5

-Postulate 5= Modification through descent (as the environment changes and applies different pressures, organisms modify through decent, change through generations) think of bodybuilder doesn't pass on big muscles to offspring

Biogeography

similar physical features in the same area

Positive eugenics

promoting high reproduction in humans with "good" genes (Darwin's cousin started)

Negative eugenics

removal of "bad" genes (sterilization in Hispanic community, Nazi genocide, etc)

CNS

brain and spinal cord

PNS

all nerves that lie outside cns to relay info between CNS and rest of body

Nerve

thousands of neurons wrapped together in a bundle that transmit electrical signals through different parts of body

Sensory neurons

neurons that receive information from the external world and convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord

Motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands (to help u move)

Interneurons

CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory and motor neurons

Neuron

Transmit info throughout body (made up of proteins)

Parts of a neuron

Soma (cell body), dendrites(receive signals from other neurons), axon (transmits signals to other cells at synapses), terminal buttons (passes info across synapse in the form of a chemical messenger aka neurotransmitters)

How is info transmitted between neurons

presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell

axoplasmic transport

movement of proteins, organelles, and other materials within an axon

antrograde direction

down terminal (from soma to button) like kinesin (retrograde is opposite like dynein, button to soma)

What do glial cells do

involved in support, replication, and communication,

types of glial cells

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

astrocytes

(only in cns) brings in nutrients like glucose, helps in signals by cleaning because too much can cause some kind of excitement, (what its doing at synapse recycling and blocking it from leaving synaptic cleft) and helps protect blood-brain barrier

Oligodendrocytes

creates myelin for axons, aids in development (node of ranvier, bring in ions into the nodes,)

Microglia

immune function, removes dead neurons, overactive associated with diseases like autism and schizo, role in "pruning" (use it or loose it)

Where are proteins primarliy synthesized in neurons?

In the soma, particularly on ribosomes attachted to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

ependymal cell

line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord CFS? Cerebral spinal fluid? (circulate fluid, regulate exchange, and support balance)

Glutamate

#1 excitatory neurotransmitter in brain

what is myelin made up of

80% lipids and 20% proteins

Schwann cell

glial cells in peripheral nervous system , creates myelin for neurons, creates pathways or regrowing axons after injury

Cells of the nervous system

Neuron, glia, blood brain barrier

Blood brain barrier

between cns and circulatory system helps to regulate the flow of nutrient rich fluid into the brain (selectively permeable)

Capillary in all of body but...

brain! (gaps that permit the free flow of substances into and out of the blood) glucose in and toxins out

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter

synaptic transmission

communication between neurons

Postsynaptic potentials

brief depolarization (on) or hyperpolarization (off)

How do neurotransmitters excert effects?

neurotransmitter molecules fit binding sites like a lock and keep excerpt effects by attaching to binding sites (outside is positive and inside is negative)

Synapse

the space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron

Axodentritic synapes

slower as they are on the smooth surface of dendrites or dentrite spines

Axoaxonic synapses

faster as they are on the synapse between two terminal buttons

synaptic vesicle

small, hollow, beadlike structure found in terminal buttons, contains molecules of neurotransmitter

release zone

= region of interior of the presynaptic membrane of synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

Exocytosis

cell secretes molecules of neurotransmitters

receptor activation

neurotransmitter molecules diffuese across synaptic cleft and attach to binding sites (postsynaptic receptors)

What happens after neurotransmitter binding?

receptors open neurotransmitter dependent ion channels

ionotropic vs metatropic receptors

direct vs indirect

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

sodium channel is most important source, depolarization

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

hyperpolarizing

What happens when activity of excitatory synapses go up? And vise versa?

excitatory= rate of firing will increase and if activity if inhibitory synapses goes up, rate of firing will decrease

what happens to neurotransmitters after they cause polarization or depolarization?

Termination by two mechanisms:

1. reuptake= an extremely rapid removal of a neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the terminal button

2. Enzymatic deactivation; accomplished by enzyme that destroys molecules of neurotransmitter (acetylcholinesterase deactivates acetylcholine)