Comprehensive Guide to Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, and the Health-Death Continuum

PT roles in health Promo, Disease Prevention and wellness

Education

Direct intervention

Developing bodies of work

Advocates and collaborators

Health

A state of being associated with freedom from disease, injury, and illness that also includes a positive component (wellness) that is associated with QoL and positive well being.

Wellness

A multidimensional state of being describing the existence of positive health in an individual as exemplified by QoL and a sense of well-being.

Health status

The state or status of the conditions that compromise the good health

Health education

Any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence based practices and or sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes and skills needed to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors

Health promotion

Any planned combination of educational, political environmental, regulatory or organizational mechanisms that support actions of the conditions of living conductive to the health of individuals groups and communities

Illness

The inability of an individual's adaptive responses to maintain physical and emotional balance which results in an impairment of functional abilities

Health-to-Death Continuum

Health promotion: Perfect health,Moderate health, Marginal health

Primary prevention: Marginal Health, Exposure/ lifestyle risks

Secondary prevention: Exposure/lifestyle risks, early disease

Tertiary prevention: Late disease, death

Health to death continuum

Think about various levels of healthiness, sickness and death

The Continuum

Perfect health→moderate health→ marginal health→exposure/lifestyle risks→early disease→late disease→death

Relationship between continuum and health

Promotion and disease prevention

Health promotion side of the continuum

optimize overall health Left side

Disease prevention side of the continuum

Reduce occurrence and impact of specific diseases Right side

Three levels of prevention

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

Primary prevention

Preventative measures taken before the onset of a disease or before the illness begins

Examples of Primary prevention

Immunizations and regular exercise

Secondary prevention

Preventative measure taken to lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment often before any symptoms have developed to prevent more severe problems from developing

Examples of Secondary prevention

Screening for High BP, tumor examinations for breast and testicular cancers

Tertiary prevention

Designed to treat a disorder when it has advanced beyond early stages to avoid complications and limit disability to address rehab and palliative needs

Examples of Tertiary prevention

Retrain, re-educate, rehabilitate

Prevention related to health

Avoiding disease before it starts. Defined as the plans for and measures taken to prevent the onset of disease or other health problems before the occurrence of an undesirable health event

Assumptions of health promotion

--Health status can be changed.

--Health & disease are dynamic.

--Disease theories & principles can be understood.

--Appropriate prevention strategies can be developed.

--Behavior can be changed & those changes can impact health.

--Many things contribute to health & influence behavior change.

--Initiating & maintaining a behavior change is difficult.

--Individual responsibility should not be viewed as victim blaming.

--For behavior change to be permanent, the person must be motivated & ready to change.

Health and disease determinants

Interactions between biological, psychosocial, behavioral, and social factors

Behavior change complexity

Initiating and maintaining behavior change is complex and difficult and it can influence health

Understanding behavior change

Before behaviors can change, the determinant(s) of behavior, the nature of the behavior, and the motivation for the behavior must be understood

Contributions to health

Individual behavior, family interactions and workplace relationships can contribute to health and change behavior

Behavior change influence

Behavior can be changed, and those changes can influence health

Individual responsibility

Should not be viewed as victim blaming

Motivation for behavior change

For healthy behavior to change and be permanent an individual must be motivated and ready to change

Four overarching goals of healthy people 2020

Increase the quality and years of healthy life, free of disease, injury, and premature death

Eliminate health disparities and improve health for all groups of people

Create physical and social environments for people to live a healthy life

Promote healthy development for people of all ages

APTA vision statement

Transforming society by optimizing movement to improve the human experience

Population primary prevention

general or at risk

Population secondary prevention

Exposed or early disease

Population tertiary prevention

Advanced disease or complications

Goal of primary prevention

Decrease in new cases

Goal in secondary prevention

Decrease in severity and complications

goal of tertiary prevention

Decrease impact and deaths

Rationale for primary prevention

Decreased risk by decreased exposure

Rationale for secondary prevention

Early identification allows earlier treatment

Rationale for tertiary prevention

Minimize the impact of disease on person

Interventions of primary prevention

Education

Prophylaxis health promotion

Interventions for Secondary prevention

Screening

Early treatment

Access to care

Interventions for tertiary prevention

Treatment rehab

Outcomes of Primary Prevention

Decreased incidence of exposure

Outcomes of secondary Prevention

Decrease incidence of disease and morbidity

Outcomes of Tertiary Prevention

Decreased prevalence, morbidity and mortality