MITS 350R Rad Path Unit 1 Terms

signs

measurable or objective manifestations

symptoms

feelings that the patient describes -- subjective

asymptomatic

without subjective or objective manifestations

diagnosis

identification of disease process

etiology

study of the cause of disease process

idiopathic

underlying cause is unknown

prognosis

probable patient outcome

syndrome

linked combination of signs and symptoms

iatrogenic

disease caused by a physician or treatment

nosocomial infections

infections contracted in the acute care facility

community acquired infections

infections contracted in a public setting outside of the acute care facility

inflammation

initial response of the tissue to local injury

permeable membrane

allows fluid/cells to pass from one tissue to another tissue or location

granulation tissue

fibrous scar replaces destroyed tissue

pyogenic bacteria

thick, yellow fluid called pus

abscess

localized collection of fluid

bacteremia

potential involvement of other organs and tissues in the body by organisms invading the blood vessels

edema

accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavities

anasarca

generalized edema that occurs with pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body

elephantiasis

localized lymphatic obstruction resulting in localized edema

ischemia

interference of blood supply to an organ; deprives cells and tissues of oxygen and nutrients

infarct

localized area of ischemic necrosis; produced by occlusion of either arterial supply or venous drainage

hemorrhage

implies rupture of a blood vessel

hematoma

accumulation of blood trapped within body tissues

atrophy

reduction in size or number of cells

hypertrophy

increase in the size of the cells of a tissue or organ in response to a demand for increased function

hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

dysplasia

loss of uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation

neoplasia

ungoverned abnormal proliferation of cells

oncology

study of neoplasms

benign

growth that closely resembles the cells of origin in structure and function

malignant

neoplastic growth that invades and destroys adjacent structures

metastasize

malignant neoplasms that travel to distant sites

carcinoma

malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin

anaplastic

undifferentiated cell growth

sarcoma

Highly malignant tumor originating from connective tissue

lymphatic spread

Major route by which carcinoma metastasizes

hematogenous spread

Malignant tumors that have invaded the circulatory system and travel as neoplastic emboli

grading

Assessment of aggressiveness or degree of malignancy

staging

excessiveness of tumor at primary site, presence or absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs

epidemiology

study of determinants of disease events in given populations

morbidity

rate that an illness or abnormality occurs

mortality

reflects the number of deaths by disease per population

antigens

foreign substance that evokes an immune response

antibodies

immunoglobulins responding to the the antigens to make them harmless

immune

protected against antigens; antibodies binding with antigens to make them harmless

active immunity

forming antibodies to counteract an antigen by way of vaccine or toxoid

vaccine

contact with dead or deactivated microorganisms to form antibodies

toxoid

treated toxin with antigenic power to produce immunity by creating antibodies

anaphylactic reaction

hypersensitive reaction resulting in histamine release

standard precautions

protection used when delivering healthcare services to any person

personal protective equipment

PPE - gowns, gloves, masks, shoe covers, and eye protection used to prevent transmission of potential infectious agents

transmission-based precautions

Additional protective equipment to prevent the spread of highly infectious pathogens through contact, droplet, or airborne transmission

hereditary process

genetic information contained in the nucleus of each cell passed to the next generation

autosomes

44 chromosomes other than X and Y

dominant gene

always produces and effect

recessive gene

manifests when a person is homozygous for the trait

mutation

alteration in the DNA structures that may become permanent hereditary change

ET tube placement

5-7 cm above the carina

ET tube complications

low - atelactasis; high; air entering the stomach

central venous pressure catheters placement

PICC line -tip at or above the cavoatrial junction; other larger catheters- tip in right atrium

Central venous pressure catheter complications

right atrium - possible arrhythmias or perforation pneumothorax; infusion of fluid into mediastinum or pleural space

cystic fibrosis imaging appearance

located in bronchi; irregular thickening of linear markings throughout the lung; hyperinflation; CT demonstrates structural lung damage and disease progression

hyaline membrane disease

located in alveoli; minute granular densities i parenchyma; air bronchograms

croup

located in subglottic trachea/larynx; smooth, tapered narrowing

epiglottitis

in supraglottic area or supraglottis; rounded thickening of epiglottic shadow

pneumococcal pneumonia

lobar/segment opacification

staphylococcal pneumonia

bronchial airway/alveoli; appears as patchy opacification with air bronchogram

viral or mycoplasmic pneumonia

alveoli/interstitium; linear or reticular pattern

aspiration pneumonia

alveoli; appears as patchy oppacification

lung abcess

most common in the right lung; encapsulated opaque mass with air fluid level

primary tuberculosis

location - lobar or segmental, parenchymal, hilar, and mediastinal lymph nodes, parenchymal, hilar, and mediastinal lymph nodes; appearance: consolidation is homogenous, dense, and well defined, hilar enlargement without parenchymal involvement, demonstrates ghon lesion, pleural effusion

miliary tuberculosis

throughout lungs, and possible spread to other organs; innumerable fine discrete nodules uniformly throughout lungs

tuberculosis pneumonia

parenchymal and nodal; appears as necrotic cavities or large abscess

secondary tuberculosis

upper lobes and posterior segments; extensive fibrotic changes with possible calcifications

tuberculoma

any part of lung, commonly in periphery and upper lobes; single or multiple nodules, 1-3 cm

primary histoplasmosis

lower lung, hilar lymph nodes; pulmonary infiltration, granulomatous nodule, hilar lymph node enlargement and/or calcification

chronic histoplasmosis

upper lobe; zones of parenchymal consolidation, cavitation, calcified granulomas

acute coccidioidomycosis

peripheral parenchyma; pneumonia appearance, coccidioidoma, lung abscesses

Chronic Coccidioidomycosis

peripheral parenchyma; appears as lung abscesses

aspergillosis

peripheral parenchyma; central mass within cavity in invasive form, air crescent sign

pneumocystis

central and peripheral parenchyma; diffuse alveolar consolidation mimicking pulmonary edema, thin walled, air filled lung cysts

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

bronchial epithelium; hyperinflation with diffuse increase interstitial markings, interstitial pneumonia, severe cases demonstrate focal areas atelectasis

COVID

peripheral, lower lung predominance; multifocal, bilateral, often; fibrosis in "long" COVID

chronic bronchitis

bronchi/bronchioles, mucous gland hyperplasia; no image change in 50%, increased bronchovascular markings, hyperinflation and depressed diaphragm

emphysema

destroyed alveolar septa; pulmonary hyperinflation, bulla formation, flattened diaphragm, radiolucent retrosternal space

asthma

bronchi; no evidence unless during acute attack, bronchial narrowing and hyperlucent lungs

bronchiectasis

basal segments of lower lobes; coarseness and decreased interstitial markings

advanced bronchiectasis

basal segments of lower lobes; oval/circular cystic spaces

sarcoidosis

nonspecific or unknown cause of multisystem granulomatous disease; bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement with or without parenchymal disease, CT demonstrates subtle lymphadenopathy and parenchymal disease

silicosis

most often upper lobes, lung parenchyma; multiple, well defined, scattered nodules of uniform density

asbestosis

pleural lining; pleural thickening with calcified plaques

anthracosis

throughout lungs; multiple less well-defined nodules of granular density

solitary pulmonary nodule

throughout lungs; solitary nodule, dense or popcorn calcification-benign, continued growth-malignancy

bronchial adenoma

glandular structure of major/segmental bronchi; peripheral atelectasis, obstructive pneumonia

bronchogenic carinoma

lung parenchyma; solitary lesion, ill defined atelectasis with obstruction, hilar enlargement, cavitation in upper lung

pulmonary metastases

throughout lungs; multiple nodules, sharp margins, miliary/snowstorm nodules, solitary nodule, coarsened interstitial markings

Pulmonary embolism

Most often lower lobes; Serial images demonstrating progressive enlargement of the affected vessel, Computed tomography - filling defect in the pulmonary artery, Nuclear medicine ventilation study—lobar perfusion defect in one or more regions of the lung with normal ventilation

septic embolism

lung periphery; peripheral opacities

pulmonary arteriovenous fistula

most often lower lobes; well-defined soft tissue mass